Clefts 383
In cleft structures, however, this prohibition is apparently relaxed. In the
exchanges between A and B in (195) and (196), B contradicts A’s assertion that
only Ita read the book or only Siti went to Surabaya.
(195) A: Ita se maca buku-na Hasan.
Ita REL AV.read book-DEF Hasan
‘Ita is who read Hasan’s book.’
B: Enja', Tono keya se maca buku-na Hasan.
no Tono too REL AV.read book-DEF Hasan
‘No, Bambang also is who read Hasan’s book.’
(196) A: Siti se entar ka Sorbaja.
Siti REL go to Surabaya
‘Siti is who went to Surabaya.’
B: Enja', Ina keya se entar ka Sorbaja.
no Ina too REL go to Surabaya
‘No, Ina also is who went to Surabaya.’
In B’s responses, keya occurs immediately following the focused NP, Tono in
(195) and Ina in (196). As (193c) and (194c) show, keya cannot immediately
follow the subject in non-cleft structures. The grammaticality of (195B) and
(196B) indicate that the focused NP in clefts is not the subject but is the predi-
cate, thus accounting for the well-formedness of these sentences.
9.3 Clefting adjuncts
For some speakers, it is possible to front an adjunct in a cleft, which distin-
guishes clefts from relative clauses. Examples of clefted adjuncts are in (197)
and (198).^13
(197) Dhari Kanada buku se e-kerem Ina.
from Canada book REL OV-send Ina
‘From Canada is where the book was sent by Ina.’
(198) Are Salasa Marlena se mankgat ka Jakarta.
day Tuesday Marlena REL leave to Jakarta
‘Tuesday is when Marlena left for Jakarta.’
(^13) Some speakers consulted found the structure of questionable acceptability. And it is
certainly not one often employed. However, because of its general acceptability, it is
presented here and the data are not annotated as acceptable only to some (%).