Direct speech 385
In the b-sentences in (201) and (202), it is possible to add a clause that indicates
that another entity is also relevant to the state of affairs denoted in the relative
clause. For example, in (201b) it is asserted that not only did Ina send a package
from Canada but that Nobun did, too. As shown above in (193) and (194), it is
not possible to assert that another entity other than the focus of the cleft satisfies
the state of affairs in the presuppositional clause. The fact that this is possible in
(201b) indicates that Ina is not the focus of the cleft in (201) as Ina does not
constitute an exhaustive list. The focus is actually the adjunct dhari Kanada.
What is asserted in (201b) is that Nobun also sent a package from Canada, and
the adjunct is the exhaustive list. Thus, it is not possible to assert that Ina sent a
package from some other location as well, as indicated by the ungrammaticality
of (203).
(203) *Dhari Kanada Ina se a-kerem bestelan ban aba'eng a-kerem dhari
from Canada Ina REL AV-send package and she AV-send from
Australia keya.
Australia too
(It is from Canada that Ina sent a package, and she sent one from
Australia, too.)
Crucially, the adjunct cannot be clefted on its own. The subject of the clause
must also be fronted. Thus, (201) and (202), with both the adjunct and the sub-
ject preceding the relative particle are grammatical, but (204) and (205), in
which only the adjunct precedes the relative clause particle, are ungrammatical.
(204) *Dhari Kanada se Ina a-kerem bestelan.
from Canada REL Ina AV-send package
(It is from Canada that Ina sent a package.)
(205) *Are Salasa se Marlena mankgat ka Jakarta.
day Tuesday REL Marlena leave to Jakarta
(Tuesday is when Marlena left for Jakarta.)
This is like the bodyguard condition on the clefting of adjuncts described for
Malagasy by Keenan (1976) and discussed by Paul (2001).
10. Direct speech
Direct speech is used to quote or approximate the speech or thoughts of a
speaker. Frequently, the sole morphological or syntactic indication of quoted