386 Chapter 11 Complex sentences
speech is use of first or second person forms in reference to a third person, as in
(206) and (207).
(206) Bi' se a-jaga e-pa-ambu. “Toron! Sampeyan lo' olle nompa’
with REL AV-guard OV-CS-stop descend you not get AV.ride
jaran neng karaton.”
horse at palace
‘He was stopped by a guard, “Get down! You are not allowed to ride a
horse in the palace.”’
(207) Sajan takerjat rato, non-glanon salerana pas mera, “Dhaggi' reh tang
more shocked king RED-excuse he then red next EMPH my
ana'. Roba-na ce' padha-na bi' engko'.”
child face-DEF very same-DEF with me
‘He grew more shocked and embarrassed. “This must be my son. His face
is just like mine.”’
Quoted speech is set off from the surrounding discourse intonationally. In (206)
there is a full stop before the quoted speech and in (207) a significant pause.
Naturally, the discourse context also provides key information in identifying
quoted speech.
Indirect speech typically makes use of verbs of communication and sim-
ple embedding.
(208) Guru ng-oca' sakola kapala meyos-a are Salasa.
teacher AV-say school head come-IRR day Tuesday
‘The teacher said the principal would come Tuesday.’
(209) Soleha a-koto' dha' Hamidah ja' lake-na gi' buru dhateng.
Soleha AV-whisper to Hamidah COMP husband-DEF just come
‘Soleha whispered to Hamidah that her husband just arrived.’
It is also possible to use a nominalized for of a verb of communication, as in
(206).
(210) Koca'-eng guru, sakola kapala meyos-a are Salasa.
say-DEF teacher school head come-IRR day Tuesday
‘The teacher said the principal would come Tuesday.’
In (210), a possessed form of oca' ‘say’ is realized as koca', which means to
state something in past time, so koca'-eng guru essentially means ‘the teacher’s
past speech’. This form with the possessor is used as a type of topic and the
reported speech is not syntactically embedded.