Types of adverbial expressions 395
The characteristic position for manner adverbs is the end of the VP, which is
generally clause-final position, as is true of te-ngate ‘carefully’ in (23) and on-
laon ‘slowly’ in (24). However, manner adverbials can occur preverbally (25a)
and (26a) and clause-initially (25b) and (26b).
(25) a. Hasan te-ngate, markir motor-ra neng ereng-nga roma-na.
Hasan RED-careful AV.park car-DEF at side-DEF house-DEF
‘Hasan carefully parked the car by the side of the house.’
b. Te-ngate, Hasan markir motor-ra neng ereng-nga roma-na.
RED-careful Hasan AV.park car-DEF at side-DEF house-DEF
‘Carefully Hasan parked the car by the side of the house.’
(26) a. Ali on-laon maso' ka kamar.
Ali RED-slow enter to room
‘Ali entered the room slowly.’
b. On-laon Ali maso' ka kamar.
RED-slow Ali enter to room
‘Ali entered the room slowly.’
Additionally, manner adverbials can occur before PP dependents in the VP, (27)
and (28), although it is not a preferred position.
(27) Hasan markir motor-ra te-ngate, neng ereng-nga roma-na.
Hasan AV.park car-DEF RED-careful at side-DEF house-DEF
‘Hasan parked the car carefully by the side of the house.’
(28) Ali maso' on-laon ka kamar.
Ali enter RED-slow to room
‘Ali entered the room slowly.’
Manner of action can also be expressed in a PP headed by kalaban ‘with’,
as in (29) and (30).
(29) Rohina a-ra-kora kalaban senneng.
Rohina AV-RED-wash.dish with happy
‘Rohina washed the dishes happily.’
(30) Marlena noles sorat dha' Solihin kalaban ceppet.
Marlena AV.write letter to Solihin with fast
‘Marlena wrote a letter to Solihin quickly.’