398 Chapter 12 Adverbs and adverbial clauses
on-laon ‘slowly’ and te-ngate ‘carefully’ are also derived through reduplication.
Additionally, manner adverbs are derived through suffixation of -an to adjectiv-
al predicates, including laonan ‘slowly’, duliyan ‘in a hurry’, and ongguwan
‘really’. And at times, the two processes combine to derive adverbials, such as
on-laonan ‘slowly’, li-baliyan ‘several times’, gu-ongguwan ‘really’, and oth-
ers. In the case of ‘slowly’, all of the following are possible.
(38) Ali maso' ka kamar on-laon/laon-an/on-laon-an.
Ali enter to room slowly
‘Ali entered the room slowly.’
3. Adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions or subordinat-
ing expressions, which can be underived or morphologically complex, or by
parataxis (section 3.6). There are also complex conjunctions or correlative con-
junctions. Adverbial clauses establish a relationship between the two states of
affairs described in the clauses, including purpose, reason (cause), condition,
concession, and time. In most instances, the adverbial clause can either precede
or follow the clause it modifies. There are some exceptions to this, as will be
noted below.
3.1 Purpose clauses
Adverbial clauses establish the purpose for which some action is undertaken.
Most commonly they are introduced by subordinators such as guna ‘in order
to’, kaangguy ‘for’, ma'le ‘in order to’ (and its alternative form malle), sopaja
‘so that’. As a purpose is established for undertaking the state of affairs de-
scribed in the main clause, the predicate of the main clause in these cases tends
to be a verb that denotes an action, and not a state. Purpose adverbial clauses
usually follow the modified clause, as in (39-42).
(39) Satima ngomba sassa'-an-na tello kale ma'le asel-la berse.
Satima AV.rinse wash-NOM-DEF three time in.order.to success-DEF clean
‘Satima rinses her laundry three times in order to make sure it’s clean.’
(40) Siti a-berri' Hasan sorad-da sopaja aba'na bisa maca.
Siti AV-give Hasan letter-DEF so.that he can AV.read
‘Siti gave the letter to Hasan so that he could read it.’