26 Chapter 2 Phonology
(13) Madurese Indonesian Javanese
/əccɛ/ [əccɛ] /at/ /cɛt/ ‘paint’
/əccam/ [əccam] /am/ /am/ ‘hour’
/əllak/ [əllak] /lak/ /lak/ ‘sealing wax’
/ənnɔr/ [ənnɔ] /nur/ /nur/ ‘light’
/əssɛl/ [əssɛ] /sel/ /sɛl/ ‘cell’
/əɔ/ [əɔ] /to/ /tu-tu/ ‘tun’
It is frequently the case, however, that in speech these forms are shortened and
only the final syllable is pronounced.
As illustrated in section 1, all consonants other than [] can occur in syl-
lable-initial position. Leaving aside cases of gemination, the set of consonants
that can occur in syllable-final position is much more restricted, and includes p,
t, k, m, n, , s, r, l, j, and An example of each in word-final position is given
in (14).
(14) [cɔkɔp] ‘enough’
[sɔra] ‘letter’
[kɔṭak] ‘box’
[kɛnɛ] ‘small’
[kɛrɛm] ‘send’
[kɔran] ‘newpaper’
[nə] ‘at’
[panas] ‘hot’
[ɛnar] ‘go’
[ɔkɔl] ‘hammer’
[kɤbɤj] ‘make’
It should be noted that underlying /j/ is limited to syllable-final/word-final posi-
tion. All [j]-onsets are arguably the product of an epenthesis process (section
5.1). Additionally, [] can only occur in syllable-final position. Syllabification
must respect this. So any sequence of XVVY is syllabified as XV.VY, as in
the examples (15).
(15) [sa.kɔlaan] ‘school’
[ɲabɤi] ‘put on’
Also, it is not uncommon for speakers of the western dialect to pronounce
an [h] on words ending in vowels, e.g. [bɤtɔh] ‘rock’, [kuruh] ‘teacher’, [apah]