414 Chapter 12 Adverbs and adverbial clauses
(116) a. Siti a-bala ja' Ali ma-becce' sapedha motor bi' obing.
Siti AV-say COMP Ali AV.CS-good motorcycle with screwdriver
‘Siti said that Ali fixed the motorcycle with a screwdriver.’
b. *Bi' obing Siti a-bala ja' Ali ma-becce' sapedha motor.
with screwdriver Siti AV-say COMP Ali AV.CS-good motorcycle
(With a screwdriver Siti said that Ali fixed the motorcycle.)
(117) a. Guru-na ngera mored-da nyoper motor laonan.
teacher-DEF AV.think student-DEF AV.drive car slowly
‘The teacher thought her student drove the car slowly.’
b. *Laonan guru-na ngera mored-da nyoper motor.
slowly teacher-DEF AV.think student-DEF AV.drive car
(Slowly, the teacher thought her student drove the car.)
If the adjunct of the complement in (116a), bi' obing ‘with a screwdriver’, oc-
curs in the matrix clause (116b) the sentence is ungrammatical with the interpre-
tation that Ali used a screwdriver to fix the motorcycle. (116b) can only have
the bizarre interpretation in which Siti used a screwdriver to speak; hence the
sentence is rejected outright. The same is true of (117), where laonan ‘slowly’,
the adverb of the complement in (117a), occurs in sentence-initial position in
the ungrammatical (117b). This is relatively unsurprising for two reasons. First,
topicalization/focalization of adjuncts is not a particularly common phenome-
non, although grammatical in English when the moved adjunct is contrastively
stressed. Second, this type of interclausal movement of arguments is equally
ungrammatical in Madurese. Thus, (118b), in which the embedded direct object
of (118a) is fronted is ungrammatical.
(118) a. Dayat yaken ja' Rohina a-temmo Rokip e pasar.
Dayat sure COMP Rohina AV-meet Rokip at market
‘Dayat is sure that Rohina met Rokip in the market.’
b. * Rokip, Dayat yaken ja' Rohina a-temmo (aba'na) e pasar.^3
Rokip Dayat sure COMP Rohina AV-meet her at market
(Rokip, Dayat is sure that Rohina met (her) in the market.)
(^3) Although irrelevant to the point here, (118b) is grammatical if Rokip is interpreted as a
vocative as the addressee of the of the sentence, as in 'Rokip, Dayat is sure that Rohina
met someone in the market'.
Although the behavior of complement clause adjuncts is relatively unre-
markable, the fact is relevant when examining the behavior of embedded wh-