Reciprocals 425
1.4 NP + dibi' reflexives
Reflexive meaning can also be indicated through the collocation of a proper
noun or NP with dibi'. The sentences in (32-36) illustrate.
(38) Rika ngennal-lagi Rika dibi' ka Evi.
Rika AV.know-AGI Rika to Evi
‘Rika introduced herself to Evi.’
(39) Lake-na Ina a-careta ka Deni bab lake(-na Ina) dibi'.
husband-DEF Ina AV-say to Deni about husband(-DEF Ina)
‘Ina’s husbandi talked to Deni about himselfi .’
(40) Lake-na Ina a-careta ka Deni bab Deni dibi'.
husband-DEF Ina AV-say to Deni about Deni
‘Ina’s husband talked to Denii about himselfi.’
(41) Siti melle permen kaangguy Siti dibi'.
Siti AV.buy candy for Siti
‘Siti bought candy for herself.’
As (39) shows, with a more complex NP, options regarding how much of the
NP is repeated present themselves. The use of NP + dibi' as a reflexive follows
logically from the fact that proper nouns and NPs can be used pronominally in
Madurese, as described in Chapter 7 section 3.^6
2. Reciprocals
There are two structures that denote reciprocals that are used with most verbs.
One is a reduplicated form in which the verb lacks voice morphology and takes
the suffix -an.
(42) Ali bi' Hasan kol-pokol-an.
Ali and Hasan RED-hit-AN
‘Ali and Hasan hit each other.’
(^6) Again, in the appropriate context NP + dibi' in (38-41) can be interpreted as meaning
'only NP'.