444 Chapter 14 Questions
They can be used at times for emphasis, as in (23).
(23) Adha' aeng, ba-saba padha garing, ta'iya.
not.exist water RED-field same cracked TAG
‘There was no water, and the fields dried up and the ground cracked.’
In this last usage, it parallels the emphatic particles kan (24) and (i)ya (25);
however, ta'iya is largely relegated to sentence or clause-final position, whereas
kan is most frequently (but certainly not always) a second position element and
ya has fairly free distribution, though it often occurs clause-finally or at the end
of major constituents.
(24) Reng Madura kan kasohor lebur ngobu ebin, sape, kerbuy, embi'.
person Madura EMPH famous like AV.raise cattle cow buffalo goat
‘The Madurese people are known for raising cattle, cows, bulls, and goats.’
(25) Tape reng Balanda ya lo' bisa ma-kala keya.
but person Dutch yes not can AV.CS-defeated too
‘But the Dutch could not defeat him either.’
4. Constituent questions
Constituent questions are formed by use of one of a set of interrogative pro-
nouns, including:
apa ‘what’
sapa ‘who’
kamma/kemma/emma ‘which/where’
dhimma/imma ‘where’
arapa ‘why’
bila ‘when’
dha'ramma ‘how’
baramma ‘how’
barampa ‘how much/many’
The forms baramma and dhimma are primarily used largely by speakers in the
eastern dialect area, while dha'ramma and kamma characteristic of the western
part of Madura. The various strategies for forming constituent questions are
outlined in what follows.