Implementation of the speech levels 489
educational settings and a de-emphasis of using and teaching the local language
in school, a tendency toward leveling class distinctions in a democratic society
(including the influence of some aspects of Western society), and other factors
(including what some older adults see as ‘laziness’ on the part of the younger
generation). At any rate, this trend affects the use of respect vocabulary not only
in Madurese, but in Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese as well. Poedjosoedarmo
(2006) notes that in the case of Javanese (i) an increased number of well-
educated speakers confuse the Krama Inggil (= alos tenggi) and Krama Andhap
(= alos mandhap) pairs, (ii) more younger Javanese speakers have greatly re-
duced vocabularies compared to their elders, and (iii) speakers are cognizant of
the fact that they do not control the respect vocabularies and opt to use Indone-
sian instead. These observations are undoubtedly applicable to the case of Ma-
durese and other related languages as well.