Morphophonemic processes 47
(59) surface root actor voice
pɔɔl [mɔɔl] ‘hit’
pɤkta [makta] ‘bring’
bɤca [maca] ‘read’
ɔlɛs [nɔlɛs] ‘write’
uu [nɔu] ‘point’
ṭɔkṭɔk [nɔkṭɔk] ‘knock’
ḍɤpa [napa] ‘arrive at’
sənnə [ɲənnəɛ ‘happy with’
cant.ɔl [ɲant.ɔl] ‘hook’
cuccu [ɲɔccu] ‘pick up’
kɛrɛm ɛrɛm] ‘send’
kipɤ [ɛpɤ] ‘carry’
hɔrma [ɔrma ‘respect’
ɛnɔm ɛnɔm] ‘drink’
lakɔnɛ [lakɔnɛ ‘do repeatedly’
rɔsak rɔsakkɤki] ‘break’
All the Indonesian-type languages have an analogues of the actor voice nasal
assimilation rule. However, Madurese is unique in replacing all root-initial ob-
struents. In Indonesian, Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese, and Batak only the
voiceless stops are replaced by the homorganic nasal. In the voiced or breathy
voice series of consonants, the nasal only assimilates to the place of articulation
of the obstruent; it does not replace it.
Nasal assimilation without deletion. The nasal of the nominalizing prefix pang-
(sometimes together with the suffix -an) also assimilates to the place of articula-
tion of the initial consonant of the stem to which it affixed. However, unlike the
actor voice, the nasal in pa- only replaces voiceless unaspirated consonants.
Other consonants are not deleted. Derivatives with pa- are largely agentive and
instrumental nouns and with pa- -an abstract nouns.^32 The forms in (60) have
roots with an initial voiceless obstruent , and in the derived forms the voiceless
obstruent deletes. The forms in (61) have roots with an initial consonant that is
aspirated or voiced, and the consonant remains together with the assimilated
nasal. As the final form in (61) shows, when the root is vowel-initial, the velar
nasal surfaces on the prefix.
(^32) The pa- prefix thus differs from the collocation of pa- + found in process nomin-
als described in footnote 18.