A Grammar of Madurese

58 Chapter 2 Phonology

(76) form phonetic
rep.

phonological

process

spelling 'expected'
spelling
sa + ella + na
'after'

[saɛ -epenthesis saellana *sa'ellana

e + olok
'call (OV)'

[ɛjɔlɔk] j-epenthesis eolok *eyolok

pa + ancor
'smash'

[paancɔr] -epenthesis paancor *pa'ancor

Additionally, he palatal nasal is written simply as an n when preceding another
consonant, as in the following:

(77) [kaɲca] ‘friend’ kanca
[cɤɲci] ‘promise’ janji

[bɤɲɲa] ‘many’ bannya’

There are some inconsistencies in the reflection of surface forms across differ-
ent orthographies and different publications, but those are just variations. Here
I will adopt the system akin to that used in Imron 1979, in which the phonetic
features discussed above are by and large reflected in the orthography.
In 2004, a group from Balai Bahasa Surabaya (the Office of Language in
Surabaya) proposed a revised orthography which reinstates distinct symbols for
all consonant sounds and the seven principal vowels that have been recognized
in orthographies (Dradjid 2007). This orthography was adopted as a standard in
December 2008 at the four-day Kongres Bahasa Madura Internasional (Interna-
tional Congress of the Madurese Language) held in Pamekasan under the spon-
sorship of Balai Bahasa Propinsi Jawa Timur (the East Java Province Office of
Language). Pawitra (2009) adopts the new orthography in his recent dictionary.
With some modifications, the orthography essentially adopts the system used
during the colonial period given above in (72). All phonemic distinctions are
captured as well as some phonetic realizations. It diverges from the Dutch sys-
tem by making use of the modern Indonesian conventions for the high back
rounded vowel (u rather than oe), the glottal stop (‘ rather than q), the palatal
glide (y rather than j), the palatal stops (c, jh, and j rather than tj, djh, and dj),
and the palatal nasal (ny rather than nj). The new orthography is given in (78).