72 Chapter 3 Lexical categories
(30) Se tao jawab Ali.
REL know answer Ali
‘The one who knows the answer is Ali.’
(31) Se kowat Deni.
REL strong Deni
‘The one who is strong is Deni.’
(32) Se daddi hakim Ita.
REL become judge Ita
‘The one who is a judge is Ita.’
If the verb daddi ‘become’ were omitted from the relative clause in (32), the
sentence would no longer be acceptable.^8
Additionally, there are morphological properties shared by verbs and
adjectives. One is the ability to combine with the suffix -e, which results in ei-
ther a locative or causative meaning. The ‘locative’ meaning results when -e is
suffixed to a verb or adjective that takes a prepositional object and a causative
meaning with roots that do not.^9 Thus in the set that follows, toles ‘write’, entar
‘go’, senneng ‘happy’, and pote ‘white’ combine grammatically with -e, but
bengko ‘house’ and kalambi ‘clothes’ do not. Second, verb and adjective roots
can take the instrumental prefix pang-, while noun roots cannot.^10
(33) toles ‘write’ tolese ‘write to’ panoles ‘writing
implement’
entar ‘go’ entare ‘go to’ pangentar ‘portal’
senneng ‘happy’ sennengnge ‘happy with’ panyenneng ‘joystick’
pote ‘white’ pote'e ‘make white’ pamote ‘whitewasher’
bengko ‘house’ bengkowe pamengko
kalambi ‘clothes’ kalambiye pangalambi
1.3.2. Potential adjective-verb differences
The data in the preceding section make it clear that adjectives and verbs share a
(^8) The verb daddi can be inserted in the relative clauses in (30) and (31). However, the
meaning changes accordingly as daddi is not being used in its placeholding sense. So,
Se daddi tao jawab Ali would mean ‘The one who will come to know the answer is Ali’
and Se daddi kowat Deni means ‘The one who will become strong is Deni’.
(^9) This suffix is discussed in detail in Chapter 4 and Chapter 10.
(^10) The items here are given in the form they (would) appear in following the application
of the relevant phonological rules, which includes the nasal assimilation and deletion
rule discussed for the actor voice verb forms in Chapter 2.