78 Chapter 3 Lexical categories
- Closed class categories
2.1 Adverbs: straddling the open/closed dichotomy
Adverb straddles the line between open and closed lexical classes. Many ele-
ments that modify the clause, verb phrase or adjective are derived forms, largely
with adjectival roots. Nonetheless, there are a number of forms which serve
exclusively as adverbs and are equipped with no derivational morphology. Al-
though most, if not all, manner adverbs are derived, there are temporal, epistem-
ic, frequency, and degree adverbs that are not.
(45) Temporal adverbs
sateya ‘now’
buru ‘recently’
laju ‘next/right away’
dhaggi' ‘later/in the future’
gella' ‘recently/before’
na'an ‘soon’
gi' ‘still’
paggun ‘still’
(46) Epistemic adverbs
ara, ngara ‘maybe’
dadak ‘suddenly’
megga' ‘possibly’
pola ‘probably’
(47) Frequency adverbs
dhangkhadang ‘sometimes’
poampo ‘sometimes’
rangrang ‘rarely’
seggut ‘often’
(48) Degree adverbs
banget ‘very’
ce' ‘very’
coma^ ‘only’^
gallu ‘too’
keng ‘only’
maggi ‘almost’
neng ‘only’
para' ‘almost’