Closed class categories 79
Although adverbs can take various positions in the sentence, temporal, epistem-
ic, and frequency adverbs can all occur immediately before the verb, as in the
following.
(49) Satimma buru dhateng.
Satimma recently come
‘Satimma just came.’
(50) Rokip ban Hadi ara entar ka Sumatra taon ba'ari'.
Rokip and Hadi perhaps go to Sumatra year yesterday
‘Perhaps Rokip and Hadi went to Sumatra last year.’
(51) Bapa' dhang-khadang a-lumbur.
father sometimes AV-work.late
‘Father sometimes works late.’
Options for adverb placement and their order in sentences containing
more than one are discussed in detail in Chapter 12. Degree adverbs typically
immediately precede the element that they modify (50), with the exception of
gallu ‘too’, which follows the adjective it modifies.
(52) Soto Madura jiya ce' nyaman-na!
stew Madura this very delicious-DEF
‘This soto Madura is really delicious!’
(53) Kopi reya manes gallu.
coffee this sweet too
‘This coffee is too sweet.’
If one factors in manner adverbials, the claim can be made that the cate-
gory adverb is an open class category. Manner adverbs can be readily derived
from adjectives either through affixation of -an (54), reduplication (55), a com-
bination of the two (56) or simple conversion (57).
(54) Marlena noles sorat ka Ita dhuli-yan.
Marlena AV.write letter to Ita quick-AN
‘Marlena wrote the letter to Ita quickly.’
(55) Siti ajar gu-onggu.
Siti study RED-real
‘Siti studies seriously.’