Closed class categories 81
(62) a. Bapa' dhang-khadang pasthe a-lumbur.
father sometimes must AV-work.late
‘Father sometimes has to work late.’
b. *Bapa' pasthe dhang-kadhang a-lumbur.
These elements thus share the property of preceding the sentential negative with
English auxiliaries (61) but differ from English auxiliaries with respect to the
inability of adverbs to intervene between the auxiliary and the main verb of the
sentence (62). There is a larger number of lexical items that serve to modify
sentences in the same way as modal and aspectual auxiliaries and occupy the
same position in a clause. However, this set of auxiliary items include words
that are primarily verbs and adverbs. Auxiliaries and their functions are dis-
cussed more fully in Chapter 9 section 4.
2.3 Prepositions
Madurese has a small number of basic prepositions for location, direction, and
comitatives and instruments. Other words and expressions that serve the func-
tion of prepositions and combine are derived from other roots, or are words
which are also members of other lexical categories. These lexical items combine
with basic prepositions to denote particular locatives, e.g. e ‘at’ combines with
attas ‘top’ as e attas ‘on/above’ (see Chapter 8 section 3). The basic preposi-
tions are:
(63) neng ‘at’
e ‘at’
ka ‘to’
dha' ‘to’
dhari ‘from’
bi' ‘with/by’
moso ‘with/by’
Prepositions typically take NP complements; in (64) Jakarta is the complement
of ka and in (65) jaran ‘horse’ is the complement of dhari.
(64) Hasan entar ka Jakarta.
Hasan go to Jakarta
‘Hasan went to Jakarta.’