82 Chapter 3 Lexical categories
(65) Aba'na toron dhari jaran.
he/she descend from horse
‘He/she got off the horse.’
2.4 Pronouns
The pronominal system of the familiar speech level includes forms for first,
second, and third persons, some of which are derived forms or at least expres-
sions that serve additional purposes. There is dialectal variation in the inventory
of forms, which I will not attempt to sort out here.^1 The basic forms for the
three persons are:
(66) sengko', engko', aba' ‘I’
tang/sang ‘my’
ba'na, ba'en, ba'eng, kake, sedha ‘you’
aba'na, aba'eng, dibi'na, dibi'eng ‘he/she’
Of these, the only truly basic forms are sengko' and tang/sang. The second and
third person forms are comprised of possessed forms of aba' ‘body, soul’ and
dibi' ‘only, sole’. The multiple forms for second and third persons are dialectal
and stylistic variants, the most standard forms being ba'na ‘you’ and aba'na
‘he/she’. Additionally, there are a large number of first and second person forms
that are used in the higher speech levels. The forms are given here, but their use
is detailed in Chapter 15.
(67) 1st person 2nd person
bula dika
gula diko
kaula sampeyan
(ba)dan kaula panjennengngan
dalem padana
apdina sampeyan dalem
apdi dalem ajunan dalem
bal-gebbal dalem ajunan sampeyan
ajunan panjennengngan
Plural forms are quite rare in use, and in fact some speakers are unsure how to
form them. However, there are two strategies for indicating plurality with pro-
nouns. One is the reduplicated form of aba', ba'-aba'. This form is a general
plural pronoun that can be used for all persons; the context in which it occurs
(^1) See Sutoko et al 1998 for dialect information.