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A Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)

(Jeff_L) #1 
  - 1 Introduction Abbreviations xvii

        - 1.1 Tuareg and Berber linguistics

        - 1.2 Literature on non-Tamashek Tuareg

        - 1.3 Historical background

        - 1.4 Malian Tamashek

        - 1.5 Neighboring languages

        - 1.6 Fieldwork and other data

        - 1.7 Acknowledgements


  • 2 Overview

    • 2.1 Recurrent morphosyntactic patterns

    • 2.2 Nouns

    • 2.3 Prefix Reduction

    • 2.4 Noun phrases

    • 2.5 Verbs

    • 2.6 Simple main clauses

    • 2.7 Clitics

    • 2.8 Focalized clauses

    • 2.9 Relative clauses

    • 2.10 Accent

    • 2.11 Representation of stems

    • 2.12 Ablaut



  • 3 Phonology

    • 3.1 Segments

      • 3.1.1 Consonants

        • 3.1.1.1 Consonants of Arabic origin (s 1 h T)

        • 3.1.1.2 Marginal nasals (q n)

        • 3.1.1.3 Uvulars (rq)

        • 3.1.1.4 Pharyngealized alveolar stops (d t)

        • 3.1.1.5 Alternations of s and ζ and of s and zz

        • 3.1.1.6 Alternation of s and ζ

        • 3.1.1.7 Alternation of w and gg

        • 3.1.1.8 Alternation of d and tt

        • 3.1.1.9 Loss of stem-final semivowel

        • 3.1.1.10 Loss of nonfinal semivowel



      • 3.1.2 Vowels

        • 3.1.2.1 Full and short vowels

        • 3.1.2.2 Vowels before backing and lowering consonants (BLC's).

          • 3.1.2.3 Deletable final vowels (nouns, suffixes, clitics) vi Contents

          • 3.1.2.4 Stem-Final i/A-Deletion (in verbs)

          • 3.1.2.5 Phonological status of final [u] and [i]

          • 3.1.2.6 Phonological status of medial [u] and [i] before C

          • 3.1.2.7 Medial ...Cy/...C3y/...Ciy, ...Cw/...C3w/...Cuwbefore V...







    • 3.2 Local assimilations and syllabification rules

      • 3.2.1 CC-cluster rules

        • 3.2.1.1 Stem-final C plus stop-initial suffix or clitic

        • 3.2.1.2 Nasal assimilation and dissimilation

        • 3.2.1.3 /d/ —> t before voiceless obstruent

        • 3.2.1.4 zd —» zz, zd —» zz

        • 3.2.1.5 Prefixal t-Deletion!.!



      • 3.2.2 Longer-distance consonantal interactions

        • 3.2.2.1 Consonantal metathesis

        • 3.2.2.2 Long-distance sibilant assimilation (Sibilant Harmony)



      • 3.2.3 VV-Contraction

        • 3.2.3.1 VV-Contraction with 3MaSg subject prefix i-

        • 3.2.3.2 VV-Contraction with C(a)- subject prefixes

        • 3.2.3.3 VV-Contraction at suffixal or clitic boundaries

        • 3.2.3.4 Possible VV-Contraction with PI prefix i-

        • 3.2.3.5 Summary of VV-Contraction processes



      • 3.2.4 Resyllabification (Final-CC Schwa-Insertion)

      • 3.2.5 Schwa-Epenthesis

      • 3.2.6 Short-V Harmony

        • 3.2.6.1 Asymmetrical version

        • 3.2.6.2 Symmetrical version



      • 3.2.7 Syncope and Leftward L-Spreading

        • 3.2.7.1 Syncope

        • 3.2.7.2 Leftward L-Spreading





    • 3.3 Accent

      • 3.3.1 Word accent (Default Accentuation)

        • 3.3.1.1 Suffixes and clitics inducing penultimate accent

        • 3.3.1.2 Accentual implications of Stem-Final i/A-Deletion

        • 3.3.1.3 Accentual implications of VV-Contraction

          • in Resyllabification 3.3.2 Epenthetic-Vowel Accentuation and Stem-Final Gemination





      • 3.3.3 Phrasal accent





  • 3.4 Ablaut

    • 3.4.1 Stem shapes and templates

      • 3.4.1.1 Nouns

      • 3.4.1.2 Verbs (specific stem-shapes)

      • 3.4.1.3 Verb types based on full vowels

        • stems 3.4.1.4 Light and heavy (middleweight and superheavy) verb

          • reconfiguration 3.4.1.5 Stems, componential or templatic ablaut, pre-ablaut





      • 3.4.2 Gemination and degemination in ablaut

        • 3.4.2.1 Τ and T-c2 in long imperfectives

        • 3.4.2.2 Plain/geminate alternations in nominal Sg/Pl



      • 3.4.3 Melodies

        • 3.4.3.1 Types of melodies

        • 3.4.3.2 Melodic association



      • 3.4.4 Local vocalic ablaut formatives (χ, χ, 6, α)

      • 3.4.5 Ablaut formative association

        • 3.4.5.1 Summary

        • 3.4.5.2 First postconsonantal V ("pel")

        • 3.4.5.3 Final-Syllable V ("f")

        • 3.4.5.4 "pel" = "f'(e-pelf)

        • 3.4.5.5 Penultimate V



      • 3.4.6 From to pure melody (PerfP verbs)

      • 3.4.7 V-Height Compromise

        • short V) 3.4.8 Verb-stem-initial rules (gemination, syncope, initial

        • 3.4.8.1 Onsets of underived verbs

        • 3.4.8.2 Onsets of causative and mediopassive verbs

        • 3.4.8.3 Dialectal idiosyncracies in verb and VblN onsets



      • 3.4.9 V-Shortening rules and u-Spreading

        • 3.4.9.1 Presuffixal α-Shortening (Non-Augment Verbs)

        • 3.4.9.2 Pre-Augment V-Shortening

        • 3.4.9.3 Medial V-Shortening and u-Spreading

        • 3.4.9.4 V-Shortening processes confined to causative verbs



      • 3.4.10 Vowel-semivowel dissimilation (iw for #uw, ew for #ow)...



    • 3.5 Syntactically controlled phonological processes

      • 3.5.1 Prefix Reduction of nouns (dependent state)

      • 3.5.2 Verbs after particles

        • 3.5.2.1 Verbs after Future particles

        • 3.5.2.2 Verbs after Negative particles

          • Past kaela 3.5.3 Verbs and participles in definite relative clauses and after



        • 3.5.3.1 Erasure of ablaut lengthening (χ-pcl Erasure)

        • 3.5.3.2 Rightward Accent Shift

        • 3.5.3.3 Lexical Accent Erasure and χ-Erasure







  • 4 Nominal and pronominal morphology

    • 4.1 Noun morphology

      • 4.1.1 Gender and number categories

        • 4.1.1.1 Gender categories

        • 4.1.1.2 Number categories



      • 4.1.2 Morphology of gender and number marking

        • 4.1.2.1 Number (vocalic) and gender prefixes viii Contents

        • 4.1.2.2 MaPl suffix -aen, -taen and FePl suffix -en, -ten

        • 4.1.2.3 Feminine Singular suffix -t (-t-t)

        • 4.1.2.4 Extra stem-final semivowel or vowel before FeSg -t

        • 4.1.2.5 Feminine suffix -ast

        • 4.1.2.6 Simple suffixal pluralization and stem extension (w)

        • 4.1.2.7 C-final Sg with aw/iw extension before PI suffix

        • 4.1.2.8 Gemination in singular or suffixal plural

        • 4.1.2.9 Stem-internal vowel alternations

          • (e/α, etc.) 4.1.2.10 First-stem-syllable Sg/Pl vocalic alternations



        • 4.1.2.11 Stem-final vowel shifts before ...w- and PI suffix

        • 4.1.2.12 Stem-Final V-Lengthening in plural verbal nouns

        • 4.1.2.13 MaPl -an due to clear VV-Contraction

        • 4.1.2.14 Ablauted MaPl variant -an

        • 4.1.2.15 Unsuffixed ablaut plurals

        • 4.1.2.16 PI ablaut melody (bisyllabic stems)

        • 4.1.2.17 Conditions for Plural «i α» instead of «u α»

        • 4.1.2.18 melody realized as «α» (monosyllabic stems) ..

        • 4.1.2.19 melody expanded for heavy stems

        • 4.1.2.20 Carryover of stem vowels from singular to plural

        • 4.1.2.21 Sg <o u» (or «as u»), PI «u α»

          • FePl accent shift in unsuffixed ablaut plurals 4.1.2.22 Syncope, Accent Reattachment, and apparent



        • 4.1.2.23 Ablaut PI with medial gemination (t-i-CsPPaC, etc.)..

        • 4.1.2.24 Ablaut plurals with final accent (t-i-C(C)sCC, etc.)

        • 4.1.2.25 Suppletive plurals

        • 4.1.2.26 Phonologically irregular plurals

        • 4.1.2.27 Arabic plurals

        • 4.1.2.28 Default Plural particle add





    • 4.2 Independent personal pronouns

    • 4.3 Demonstratives

      • 4.3.1 Demonstrative pronouns

      • 4.3.2 Spatial demonstrative adverbs

      • 4.3.3 Demonstrative postnominal particles (1, dl, snnin, en)





  • 5 Noun phrase structure

    • 5.1 Nominal modifiers

      • 5.1.1 Adjectives

        • 5.1.1.1 Modifying "adjectives"

        • 5.1.1.2 Comparatives



      • 5.1.2 Numerals and other quantifiers

        • 5.1.2.1 Basic numeral forms Ί' to '10'

        • 5.1.2.2 Prenominal forms of numerals Ί' to '10'

        • 5.1.2.3 'One' versus 'other'

          • 5.1.2.4 Numerals greater than ' 10' Contents ix

          • 5.1.2.5 Pronominalized numerals

          • 5.1.2.6 Distributive numerals

          • 5.1.2.7 Ordinals

          • 5.1.2.8 Other quantifiers

          • 5.1.2.9 Days of the week

            • 5.1.2.10 Tent sizes





        • 5.2 Possession and compounding

          • 5.2.1 Ordinary nominal possessives

          • 5.2.2 Pronominal possessor suffixes

          • 5.2.3 Inalienable possessive suffixes with certain kin terms

          • 5.2.4 Compounds

            • 5.2.4.1 Analytic compounds with an

            • 5.2.4.2 Compounds involving kin terms or 'people'

            • 5.2.4.3 Some 'gazelle' compounds

            • 5.2.4.4 Compounds with erk, t-erk 'bad'

            • 5.2.4.5 Compounds with -heen- 'house'

            • 5.2.4.6 Compounds with and- 'yester-'

            • 5.2.4.7 Other frozen compounds

            • 5.2.4.8 Phrasal compounds









    • 6 Prepositions

      • 6.1 Inventory of true prepositions

      • 6.2 Pronominal suffixes with prepositions

      • 6.3 Dative (or Purposive)

      • 6.4 Instrumental and Comitative

        • 6.4.1 Instrumental s (as)

        • 6.4.2 Comitative d (sd), dseten, or hakadd 'with, and'



      • 6.5 Spatial prepositions

        • 6.5.1 'in, at' (daer)

        • 6.5.2 'at the place of, chez' (vor)

        • 6.5.3 'under' (daw, d£gg)

        • 6.5.4 'above, over' (jsnnaj)

        • 6.5.5 'on' (fsel, fölla-)

        • 6.5.6 'in front of (dät)

        • 6.5.7 'behind' (danet, dara-)



      • 6.6 Compound prepositions

        • 6.6.1 'beside' (daedes or d ^ae-des, daegman)

        • 6.6.2 'between/among' (jer, jere-)

        • 6.6.3 'toward' (ebre-)



      • 6.7 Preposition-like particles





  • 7 Verbal morphology

    • 7.1 Augment verbs with -t-

      • 7.1.1 Augmented and unaugmented V-final stems

      • 7.1.2 Alternative segmentations of Augment -t- χ Contents



    • 7.2 Stem categories

      • 7.2.1 Mood-aspect-negation (MAN) categories

      • 7.2.2 Perfective system

        • 7.2.2.1 Perfective Positive stem (PerfP)

        • 7.2.2.2 Resultative stem (Resit)

        • 7.2.2.3 Perfective Negative stem (PerfN)



      • 7.2.3 Short imperfective system

        • 7.2.3.1 Short Imperfective stem(Shlmpf)

        • 7.2.3.2 Imperative positive stem (Imprt)

        • 7.2.3.3 Hortative of Shlmpf with suffix f)-et



      • 7.2.4 Alternative 1P1 hortative construction using Imprt stem

      • 7.2.5 Long imperfective system

        • 7.2.5.1 Long Imperfective Positive stem (LoImpfP)

        • 7.2.5.2 Long Imperfective Negative stem (LoImpfN)

          • imperative constructions 7.2.5.3 Prohibitive stem (Prohib) and negative



        • 7.2.5.4 Long imperative

        • 7.2.5.5 Long hortative

        • 7.2.5.6 Hortative negative







  • 7.3 Verb classes and irregular verbs

    • 7.3.1 Regular classes

      • 7.3.1.1 Light short-V -vPQvC-, -vPPvC-, and -vCvC-

      • 7.3.1.2 Heavy C-final short-V -Cv(C)CvC-, -CvCvCCvC-, etc...

      • 7.3.1.3 Light non-augment V-final -v(C)Cu- (α/ι subclass)

        • u/u subclasses) 7.3.1.4 Light non-augment V-final -v(C)Cu- (α/u and



      • 7.3.1.5 Heavy non-augment V-final -CvCCu- and -CvCvCCu-...

      • 7.3.1.6 Augmented -CvCvCCu- (+ -t-), etc

      • 7.3.1.7 C-final full-V-medial -Ct>(C)CvC- and -CvCuCvC-

      • 7.3.1.8 Full-V-initial C-final -u>CvC- and -uCCvC-

      • 7.3.1.9 Verbs with perfective -v(C)CuC- or -v(C)CiC-

        • PerfP -vCCuC- 7.3.1.10 Verbs (mostly adjectival) with Imprt"i(C)CaC and

        • unprefixed C-initial PerfP 7.3.1.11 Adjectival verbs with ImprtIPQaC and



      • 7.3.1.12 Adjectival verbs without i...a imperfective vocalism...

      • 7.3.1.13 Augmented verbs with "adjectival" perfective

      • 7.3.1.14 Non-augment -Cu(C)Ci> and -CvCuCu- verbs

      • 7.3.1.15 Full-V-initial V-final -uC(C)u- (α/ι and α/u types)

      • 7.3.1.16 Augmented -CoCCi> , -CvCuCu-, etc



    • 7.3.2 Irregular and suppletive verbs

      • 7.3.2.1 'die' (Vmt, Vm, Vmtn)

      • 7.3.2.2 'be much, many' (Vj, Vjt), 'be long, tall' (Vsjr, Vsjrt)

      • 7.3.2.3 'forget'(Vtw)

      • 7.3.2.4 'be yellow' (Vwnr, Vrr) Contents xi

      • 7.3.2.5 'say' (Vn, Vjn)

      • 7.3.2.6 'go to' (Vk)

      • 7.3.2.7 'go' (Vjl, Vms)

      • 7.3.2.8 'come', 'arrive' and 'be on the way' (Vyw, Vs, Vml)

        • 7.3.2.9 'sit' (Vrm, Vrym)

        • 7.3.2.10 'testify' (Vjyh, Vjh)

        • 7.3.2.11 Existential/locational 'be' (Vl)

        • 7.3.2.12 'be in' (Vh)

        • 7.3.2.13 'have' (Vl)

        • 7.3.2.14 'do' (Vj)

        • 7.3.2.15 '(day) break' (Vfw, Vf)

        • 7.3.2.16 'be lost'(Vb)

        • 7.3.2.17 'be born' (Vw)

        • 7.3.2.18 'be unripe'(Vrh)

        • 7.3.2.19 'pick up' (Vdkl, Vkl, etc.)

        • 7.3.2.20 'be enough' (Vjdh) and 'be equal' (Vjdh)

        • 7.3.2.21 'quick!' (sikk)





    • 7.4 Pronominal subject paradigms

      • 7.4.1 Non-imperative pronominal subject affixes

        • 7.4.1.1 C- versus Ca- and sC- forms of subject prefixes

        • 7.4.1.2 Prefixal t-Deletion

        • 7.4.1.3 Phonology of -aeC subject suffixes

        • 7.4.1.4 3MaSg i- versus 0-

          • verbs 7.4.2 Omission of subject prefixes with perfective adjectival



        • 7.4.3 Second person subject affixes in imperatives







  • 8 Verbal derivation

    • 8.1 Causative (-s-, -s-, -s-, -ζ-, -ζ-, -ζ-, -svw-)

      • 8.1.1 Causative derivation

      • 8.1.2 Sibilant Harmony in the Causative prefix

      • 8.1.3 "Double" causatives

      • 8.1.4 Causative stem shapes

        • full vowel) 8.1.5 Causative stem shapes (inputs with initial or medial



      • 8.1.6 Causative stem shapes (inputs with stem-final V)

      • 8.1.7 Causative stem shapes (heavy C-final input stems)

      • 8.1.8 Causative stem shapes (V-final augment verbs)

      • 8.1.9 Causatives of prefixally derived verbs

      • 8.1.10 Dialectal causative Shlmpf forms without Q-Gemination....



    • 8.2 Passive (-t-, -tt-, -tvw-)

    • 8.3 Mediopassive (-m-, -η-, -nvy-)

    • 8.4 Reciprocal -nvm-, -m-, -η-

    • 8.5 Participles (subject relatives)

      • 8.5.1 Affixes for participles built directly on verb stems xii Contents

      • 8.5.2 Forms of definite participles (PerfP, Resit)

      • 8.5.3 Forms of definite participles (LoImpfP)

      • 8.5.4 Indefinite participles

      • 8.5.5 Suffixal augment -t- in participles

      • 8.5.6 Participles built on preverbal particles

        • 8.5.6.1 Participles with Negative wafer

        • 8.5.6.2 Participles with Future mar (or e)

        • 8.5.6.3 Participles not used with Past kaeld



      • 8.5.7 Resit Participles with "adjectival" sense

      • 8.5.8 Participles of prefixally derived verbs

      • 8.6 Verbal nouns

        • 8.6.1 Ordinary verbal nouns

          • 8.6.1.1 Verbal nouns of light V-final verbs

          • 8.6.1.2 Verbal nouns of light C-final verbs

          • 8.6.1.3 Verbal nouns of -v(C)Cu>C- and -u(C)CuC- verbs

          • 8.6.1.4 Verbal nouns of non-augment heavy verbs

          • 8.6.1.5 Verbal nouns of augmented verbs (with -t-)

          • 8.6.1.6 Verbal nouns of prefixally derived verbs



        • 8.6.2 Verbal nouns of underived verbs with -m-/-n- prefix

        • 8.6.3 Suppletive verbal nouns

        • 8.6.4 Semantic extensions of verbal nouns

        • 8.6.5 Abstractive nominals



      • 8.7 Adjectival nouns without derivational prefix

      • 8.8 Agentives

        • 8.8.1 Deverbal agentives with -m-/-n- Prefix

        • 8.8.2 Passive agentives with -m-sett- and -m-

        • 8.8.3 Reciprocal agentives with -n-aemm-

        • 8.8.4 Causative agentives with -m-/-n- plus -s-



      • 8.9 Nonagentive nominals with -m- or -n-

      • 8.10 Denominal agentives (-mass-, -nass-, etc.)

      • 8.11 Instrumental (and related) nominals with -s- or -s-vg- prefix

      • 8.12 Other nominals

        • 8.12.1 Agent/instrument nominal with melody

        • 8.12.2 Other nominal derivations







  • 9 Verb phrases and other predications

    • 9.1 Voice (valency) types of verbs

      • 9.1.1 Subject and object

      • 9.1.2 Intransitive

      • 9.1.3 Ambi-valent intransitive/transitive verbs

      • 9.1.4 Transitive

      • 9.1.5 Intransitives with dative complement

      • 9.1.6 Underived ditransitive (object plus dative)

      • 9.1.7 Complex causatives

        • 9.1.8 Double datives Contents xiii

        • 9.2 Copular predications ('be', 'become')

        • 9.3 Locational and existential predications

        • 9.4 Possessive predications

        • 9.5 External negation and negative copular clauses



      • 9.6 Preverbs

        • 9.6.1 Past (kaela)

        • 9.6.2 Negative (waer)

        • 9.6.3 Future (ad, ar, mar, mad, e)

        • 9.6.4 Combinations of preverbs



      • 9.7 Verbs borrowed from French

      • 10 Clitics

        • 10.1 Sentential clitics

        • 10.2 Directional clitics

          • 10.2.1 Centripetal -\add (-Yidd, -\dad, etc.)

            • 10.2.1.1 Forms

            • 10.2.1.2 Meaning



          • 10.2.2 Centrifugal -\in (-\hin) 6-

            • 10.2.2.1 Forms

            • 10.2.2.2 Meaning



          • 10.2.3 Further Centripetal/Centrifugal oppositions



        • 10.3 Pronominal clitics

          • 10.3.1 Object clitics

          • 10.3.2 Dative clitics



        • 10.4 Ordering of clitics





    • 11 Dicourse-functional particles and topicalization

      • 11.1 Topicalization

      • 11.2 Emphatics

        • 11.2.1 Clause- or phrase-final ya

        • 11.2.2 'even' (kud, wasld)

        • 11.2.3 Confirmational (lab)



      • 11.3 Other discourse particles

        • 11.3.1 'only' (rds, Negation plus or)

        • 11.3.2 'other than'(Siel)

        • 11.3.3 ' also, too, again' (dar)

        • 11.3.4 'still'(har w-d)

        • 11.3.5 'not yet' (har w-ά, saedder, and!)







  • 12 Extraction

    • 12.1 Relativization

      • 12.1.1 Subject relatives

      • 12.1.2 Object relatives

      • 12.1.3 'something to eat'

        • 12.1.4 Relativization on prepositional complement NP xiv Contents

          • resumptive pronoun 12.1.5 Possessor and long-distance relatives with -\s and



        • 12.1.6 Generalized relatives (ere 'whoever', 1, a, ed)

          • 12.1.6.1 Definite human (ere)

          • 12.1.6.2 Indefinite human (i, t-Ί)

          • 12.1.6.3 Nonhuman (a)

          • 12.1.6.4 'whenever ...' (ed)

          • 12.1.6.5 'until the time (when)...' (har iket 1)







    • 12.2 Focalization

      • 12.2.1 Subject focalization

      • 12.2.2 Object focalization

      • 12.2.3 Focalization of prepositional complement

      • 12.2.4 Focalization of adverbial NP

      • 12.2.5 Focalization of verb or VP

      • 12.2.6 Focalization of other constituents



    • 12.3 Interrogatives

      • 12.3.1 Yes-no (=polar) interrogatives

      • 12.3.2 'who?'(mi)

      • 12.3.3 'what?'(ma)

        • 12.3.4 'to where?, whence?' (ml)

        • 12.3.5 'where?' (andek, andake, snde)



      • 12.3.6 'when?' (mandajü, haremmen, smmed)

      • 12.3.7 'why?' (maAftel, md-\s)

      • 12.3.8 'which?' (snnaer, andek)

      • 12.3.9 'how much/many?' (man-lket) and 'how?' (man-ammak)..

      • 12.3.10 Embedded WH-interrogatives





  • 13 Clausal subordination

    • 13.1 Adverbial clauses

      • 13.1.1 Temporal adverbial clauses

        • 13.1.1.1 Finite 'when ...' clauses (a-\s, d-i-ha-\d, ajud, ed)

        • 13.1.1.2 Locative preposition plus VblN for 'when ...'

        • 13.1.1.3 'as long as ...' (with -vkkvs-)

        • 13.1.1.4 'before ...' (andl, t-szzdr, ddt)

        • 13.1.1.5 'until...'(här, or)

        • 13.1.1.6 'after ...' (saema-)

        • 13.1.1.7 'happen later ...' (i-lkdm ...)



      • 13.1.2 Spatial adverbial clauses ('where ...')

      • 13.1.3 Manner adverbial clauses (' how ...')



    • 13.2 Purposive and causal clauses

      • 13.2.1 Purposives ('in order that...') (y a-\d, a-\d, y)

      • 13.2.2 Causal ('because') clauses (fiel, a-\s, ed)



    • 13.3 Jussive and subjunctive clauses (a-\d)

      • 13.3.1 'want'(-vrhu-)

      • 13.3.2 'be able' (-dubu- + -t) and 'prefer' (-suf-) Contents xv

      • 13.3.3 Obligationals ('must', 'should', 'may not')

      • 13.3.4 'warn' (-vrjgvh-) and 'advise' (-s-vmvtvr-)

      • 13.3.5 'try' (-vttvr-, -wvm-)

      • 13.4 Add-on small clauses

      • 13.5 Verbs with verbal noun complements

        • 13.5.1 'prevent' (-vkkvs-)

        • 13.5.2 'cease' (-vbdi>), 'leave' (-oyyo-) and 'begin' (-s-vntu-)

        • 13.5.3 'go (in order) to' (-vkku-)

        • 13.5.4 'be ashamed to' (-kvrukvd-)

        • 13.5.5 'do a lot' (-vkni>) .'

        • 13.5.6 'do many times' (-s-vjvt-)

        • 13.5.7 'do frequently' (-vrsvj-)

        • 13.5.8 'can'(-dubu-+-t)



      • 13.6 Verbs and particles with finite complements

        • 13.6.1 'find, encounter' (-ujvz-)

        • 13.6.2 'repeat' (-dvs-) '.

        • 13.6.3 'end up (doing)' (-jurhu-)

        • 13.6.4 'spend the day doing' (-huju-)

        • 13.6.5 'nearly' ('on the verge of, 'about to') and 'barely'

        • 13.6.6 ' (have) just'(iket)

        • 13.6.7 'no longer'

        • 13.6.8 'maybe', 'it's possible that...'

        • 13.6.9 'soon' (i-swdr)



      • 13.7 Factive 'that' complements (s, a-\s)

        • 13.7.1 Simple factive complements

        • 13.7.2 Embedded factives (preposition plus a-\s complement)



      • 13.8 Reported speech and thought

      • 13.9 Conditionals

        • fael) 13.9.1 Hypothetical conditionals (ajiid, künta, kud, waela, a-\fael,

        • 13.9.2 Counterfactual conditionals (sndaer, enaekk)

        • 13.9.3 Antecedent reduced to NP



      • 13.10 Possessive an plus 'that' complement





  • 14 Coordination

    • 14.1 NP coordination

      • 14.1.1 'and'

        • 14.1.2 'or' (men·) and 'nor' (waeld)



      • 14.1.3 Gender and plural agreement



    • 14.2 Clausal coordination

      • 14.2.1 Clausal'and'

      • 14.2.2 Clausal 'or' and 'whether'





  • 15 Anaphora xvi Contents

    • 15.1 Reflexive

    • 15.2 Reciprocal



  • 16 Text

  • Indices

  • References

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