238 4 Nominal and pronominal morphology3MaPl snt-aen-ed ι
3FePI ant-aen-aet-ed (widespread)
ant-aen-aet-ed (T-ka, K-d)These pronouns rarely occur in noninitial position within accentual
phrases. This makes it difficult to determine whether the initial-syllable accent
in the singular pronominals is lexical (i.e. marked) or default. However, there
is one construction where an independent pronoun follows the numeral Ί'. In
this case we get phrasal accent on the numeral, showing that the pronoun has
no lexical accent: iy-aen-\t naekk Ί am one (= I am alone)'. See §5.1.2.5 for
more examples.
Gender is distinguished in all the plural categories (for 1P1, all of the clitic
and affixal pronominals merge gender, but 2P1 and 3P1 distinguish gender in
all pronominal series). Gender is also distinguished in the 2Sg, but not in lSg
or 3Sg (in subject affixes and object clitics, 3Sg does distinguish gender).
The lSg and 2Sg pronouns have a CaePP shape with final geminate. They
have optional extensions with -u or -un, which are used in contexts involving
identificational emphasis (not the same as focalization, §12.2). For example, if
I am not sure if I was the addressee of something you have just said, I might
say naekk-un '(who,) me?', and you might confirm: kaeyy-un '(yes,) you'.
Comparing the Sg with the PI forms, we observe that the latter are formed
by elaborating on the former. All of the PI forms end in a morpheme -ed that
has no analogues in nominal morphology. This is preceded by -aen- in the
MaPl forms (cf. Ma suffix -aen with participles, §8.5). The FePl pronouns are
formed by adding -xt- (cf. Fe suffix -aet with participles and some nouns),
replacing -sn- in the 2nd person and being added to -sen- in the 1st and 3rd
persons. The 2nd person pronouns also show slight differences in stem from
Sg to PI (Ma kaeyy versus kasw-, Fe kaemm versus kaem-). The IFePl and
3FePl pronouns in -aen-aet-ed have dialectally variable accent, either default
-aen-ast-ed (most dialects) or marked penultimate -aen-aet-ed (T-ka, K-d). If
T-ka has innovated, it may be by analogy to the 2FePl pronoun. The 2nd
person independent pronouns can be used in insults with a following epithet:
kaeyy edi 'you-MaSg dog!', kasmm t-edi-t-t 'you-FeSg she-dog!'.
There is some similarity between these independent pronouns and the
various series of bound pronominals: object clitics (§10.3), dative clitics
(§10.3.2), possessive suffixes (§5.2.2), and to a lesser extent the pronominal
subject affixes used on inflected verbs (§7.4).
4.3 Demonstratives
4.3.1 Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns generally mark gender and number, though there are
some exceptions. Consider the data in (214). The monosyllabic forms (w-d,