6.4 Instrumental and Comitative 277such adverbial uses, whereas presence of Prefix Reduction is common in true
instrumental function.
Before a noun, the preposition is s (prevocalic) or as (preconsonantal). The
schwa can be attributed to Schwa Epenthesis. Before a pronominal, the form is
extended as ssr-, becoming sar- before a high V by Short-V Harmony.
(274) Pronominal Paradigm of s (T-ka)
person Sg PI1 sar-i, saer-er saer-naer
2Ma sar-ak sasr-waen
2Fe sar-am saer-kmaet
3Ma sar-as säer-saen
3Fe
II ssr-snaetWhen a dative NP is extracted (fronted), as in relativization or
focalization, the Instrumental preposition, in the cliticized form -\s, is used
instead of the usual Dative preposition. See §12.1.4 and §12.2.3. The same
construction is used when a possessor is extracted (§12.1.5). I conclude from
this that -\s is a default with extracted NPs that do not bear structural cases in
the verb (subject, object), and that for whatever reason are unable to bring a
preposition with them from inside the clause.
The combination a-\s (with -\s cliticized to a minimal demonstrative a),
often reduced to just s, is widely used as a 'thatcomplementizer (§13.7), as
a temporal 'when ...' conjunction (§13.1.1.1), and in fasl Q-\S ... 'because ...'
clauses (§13.2.2).
Examples of the Instrumental are in (275). See also (620.a).
(275) a. i-ΐά a-fuzar [s Vrazzej]
3MaSgS-have.Reslt Sg-benefit [Instr Sg-livestock]
'It is beneficial with (=for) livestock.'b. ald-nen [t-a-mara η "ae-waetay]
have.Reslt-Partpl.Pl [Fe-Sg-tensome Poss Sg-year]
ezzdv-aen di-hen-daer [as maenna-taen]
dwell.Reslt-3MaPlS there [Instr drought-MaPl]
'(people) having lived there for a decade, with (=as a result of)
droughts'.c. 0-aebd-\0-s t-aemvataer-aem
3MaSgS-be.lost-\Dat-3Sg 2S-need.PerfP-2MaPl
[as O-m-üran-aen] α-cfi-s?
[Instr Pl-Agent-tie-MaPl] so
'So, you-MaPl no longer need rope-pulling animals?'