A Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)

6.4 Instrumental and Comitative 279

(276) a. t-aenfo η Vrazzej,
Fe-benefit Poss Sg-livestock,
t-α η "as-xx-annet
Fe-Dem Poss Sg-milk-3SgPoss
hakad daer t-a-vassa-nnet,
as.well.as also Fe-Sg-body-3SgPoss
t-a-gaqgila-t-t [dseten "'ae-saeraju]
Fe-Sg-dune.sedge-Fe-FeSg [and Sg-burrgrass]
'something (=fodder plants) beneficial for livestock, of (=for)
its milk, as well as (for) its body, (namely) duge sedge and
burrgrass.'

b. dar Vbdiij-annet

in Sg-be.wet.VblN-3SgPoss

[hakadd t-aeTrar-t-annet]?

[as.well.as Fe-dry.VblN-3SgPoss]

'in its wet state as well as in its dry state?'

Before a pronominal ending, the preposition d takes an extended form,

which in T-ka is daer-. It is heard as phonetic [daer] before a C (i.e. in plural

forms), and as [dar] before a pronominal beginning in a high V (i.e. in singular

forms). The T-ka paradigm is (277).

(277) Pronominal Paradigm of d (T-ka)

person Sg PI

1 dar-i, daer-ev daer-nae-r

2Ma dar-ak däer-waen

2Fe dar-am daer-kmaet

3Ma dar-as däer-saen

3Fe It daer-snaet

In 'and' conjunctions of two pronominals, the second conjunct (e.g. 'you-

Sg' in 'me and you-Sg') often takes its full independent form rather than a

form from the paradigm in (277). For examples see §14.1.1.

My T-md and R data show pre vocalic d- and preconsonantal da- (rather

than daer-) in all the forms except lSg, which is dav-i. The entire pronominal

paradigm in these dialects (unlike in T-ka, for example) has merged with that

of daer 'in', which also reduces the preposition to d- and da - before

pronominals other than lSg (§6.5.1). However, these dialects still distinguish

Comitative d (or ad) from Locative daer before nouns.