6.7 Preposition-like particles 291
(297) aess-oksl-asY ebre η fasraes
Caus-travel.PerfP-lSgS toward Poss F
t-d-daer t-ohaez-aet
Fe-Dem.Sg-Anaph 3FeSgiS-be.near.PerfP-PartpI.FeSg
Ί traveled over toward (=around) Farach (place), not far from here.'
6.7 Preposition-like particles
Some particles that can precede NPs (or independent pronouns), but do not
satisfy the tests for true prepositional status, are shown in (298).
(298) Preposition-like Particles
form gloss or label reference
ar 'except' §11.3.1
har 'until, all the way to' §13.1.1.5
mer 'or' §14.2.2
waela 'without' (see below)
kud 'even' §11.2.2
These forms do not combine with pronominal suffixes to form a clitic.
Instead, they combine with independent pronouns, like 2FeSg naemm, e.g.
ar naemm 'except you-Fe'. In addition, when these forms are followed by a
noun, the noun does not undergo Prefix-Reduction (299).
(299) 0-osae-\d [waeld t-a-s-wal-t]
3MaSgS-come.PerfP-\Centrip [without Fe-Sg-Instr-turn-FeSg]
'He came (here) without a key ring.'
Consider now the sequence 'from X (ail the way) to Y' with spatial
reference. The ablative element in 'from X' part is expressed by an otherwise
stationary locational expression, normally a true PP with vor 'at, chez'. The
'to Y' part can be expressed with har in the sense 'all the way to'. Directional
clitics can help clarify the direction of motion (300).
(300) arjaes-aerAadd [vor "ae-wet] [har a-m-aezzar]
walk.PerfP-lSgSACentrip [chez Sg-market] [until Sg-0-camp]
Ί walked from the market all the way to the camp.'
While temporal 'after' is sometimes just a special case of daraet 'behind',
there is also a form sasmd- that occurs in adverbials. One such adverbial is
saema-\s 'afterwards' (lit. "after it-Sg"), where saema- seems to function as a
