450 8 Verbal derivation
(456) Causative Inflection for -uCvC- Stemssingle prefix type double prefix type'break in (animal)' 'make detest'
-s-invn- -s-vs-ikvd-a. perfective system
PerfP -aess-onaen- -aes-s-akasd-
Reslt -aess-onasn -aes-s-akasd-
PerfN -aess-onasn- -aes-s-akaed-b. short imperfective system
ShlmpfP -s-inan- -s-ass-ikad-
Imprt s-man- s-ass-ikadc. long imperfective system
LoImpfP -s-άηαη- -s-as-akad-
LoImpfN -s-min- -s-as-ikid-
Prohib -s-άηαη- -s-Ees-akad-d. nominalizations
VblN a-sinsn,' ι a-slnan a-s-ass-lkad, ι a-s-ass-lkadThe underived intransitive stem -υηνη- 'be broken in' has the stems PerfP
-onaen-, Shlmpf -anan-, Lolmpf -t-lnan-. The unusual feature in the causative
is the disconnect in vocalism between the perfectives, which can be easily
derived from -s-unvn- with u, and the imperfectives and VblN, which are
based on -s-invn- with i. Since the VblN is the best diagnostic for basic lexical
form, the perfectives are the odd man out, and suggest a morphological bias in
causatives toward u rather than i as input, hence output ο rather than e.
Compare underived -CuCvC-, where -CiCvC- is somewhat less common than
-CuCvC- but is nonetheless clearly attested (§7.3.1.7). The alternation of o, i,
and α in the first syllable of the forms for 'break in' is typical of stems with a
basic shape /(a)Ci.../ in the Shlmpf and VblN. Other examples are -s-ilvl-
'cause to be lodged' with Imprt s-ilal, and -z-ihvz- 'make approach' with
Imprt z-lhaz.
For 'make detest' the underlying verb is (PerfP) -okaed- 'detest'. The
double-prefix type may be typical of causatives of transitive input verbs,
though data are sparse. In addition to 'make detest' I can cite -s-vs-ikvy- 'pass
by', Imprt s-ass-ikay.
In the single-prefix type, perfective variants with e instead of ο are rare
in T-ka, but are more common in other dialects. The verbs in (457.a) have e
even in T-ka, probably by dissimilation to w (compare §4.1.2.17). In
(457.b-e) we see the dialect split between perfective ο (generally T-ka) and e,