Chapter 10
Clitics
10.1 Sentential clitics
Clitics are normally realized at the end of the first word (perhaps a preverbal
particle or a verb) in the relevant clause (for occasional repetition of a
directional clitic on a noninitial word, see below). The clause onset for this
purpose excludes the following: a) topicalized NP or adverb (preverbal); b)
focalized NP or adverb; and c) the head noun in a definite relative (the
following demonstrative functions as clause-initial). Certain sentence-initial
particles like musam 'but' are also disregarded. When a preverbal particle
hosts a directional clitic, this clitic is optionally repeated on the following verb
as in (655) and (662) below, but other clitics are not doubled in this way.
Clitics include directionals (§10.2), object and dative pronominals (§10.3),
pronominal PPs, and (in extraction constructions) cliticized prepositions. For
details on the relative ordering of clitics, see §10.4.
The double symbol -\ is used to indicate the boundary between a clitic and
a preceding stem, suffix, or clitic. I use this since it can be typed within the
phonetic font used here and in the dictionary.
10.2 Directional clitics
The Centripetal and Centrifugal clitics may not co-occur with each other. They
follow any pronominal clitics hosted by the same word. Where there is both a
preverbal clitic position (e.g. after Negative waer or Future ad) and a verb,
there is a tendency to double the directional clitic so it appears both on the
preverb and on the verb, as in [NegACentrip verbACentrip] (655, 662).
The directional clitics are accented, and the accent is clearly heard in post-
verbal clitic position. In preverbal position the accent can be overridden by
phrasal accents (including secondary phrasal accents).
10.2.1 Centripetal Asdd (Aidd, Adad, etc.)10.2.1.1 Forms
The Centripetal clitic has a basic form Aadd in T-ka (for dialectal variants see
below). The set of surface forms for the main T-ka informant are in (651).