Then the numbers drop gradually with a long tail of less frequently men-
tioned individuals. There are 17 women in the list and 41 men, but three out
of thefive leaders listed most are women. Of the 58 individuals, there are
35 from the United States or Canada, nine from the UK, four from the
Netherlands, four Australians, two Israelis, one New Zealander, one from
Japan, one German and one Swede. Americans tend to list fellow countrymen;
non-Americans tend to list relatively more non-Americans.
The data show that, on the one hand, there is a small group of applied
linguists who are considered to be the main leaders in thefield, which could
be interpreted as a sign that AL is afield guided by some authoritative leaders.
On the other hand, there is a very large group of individuals who are also
mentioned as leaders. So the group of informants stating that there are no
leaders may be wrong here to a certain extent. It was also suggested that
there might be differentfields, each with their own leader. Looking at the
list, some names can be linked to subfields, like Selinker to interlanguage
and Tarone to variation, but many of the individuals listed have been
Table 4.1List of leaders with number of times mentioned
Kramsch 37 Brumfit7
Swain 37 Byrnes 7
Lantolf 31 Cook, G. 7
Larsen-Freeman 30 Duff 7
Long 23 Hatch 7
Widdowson 23 Lightbown 7
Ellis, N. 22 Richards 7
De Bot 19 Lambert, W. 7
Gass 19 Blommaert 6
Corder 14 Canagarajah 6
Krashen 14 Cohen 6
Candlin 13 Hyltenstam 6
Halliday 13 Kasper 6
Ortega 13 Pienemann 6
Cummins 12 Trim 6
Spolsky 11 Ferguson 5
Ellis, R. 11 Kellerman 5
Dörnyei 10 Meisel 5
Pavlenko 10 Rampton 5
Schumann 10 Selinker 5
Tucker 10 Cook, V. 5
DeKeyser 9 Chapelle 4
Hymes 9 Clyne 4
McNamara 9 Gregg 4
Pennycook 9 Johnson, Keith 4
Tarone 9 Meara 4
Hulstijn 8 Norton 4
Shohamy 8 Ochs 4
White 8 Stevick 4
Bachman 7
The leaders 39