The Ecology Book

59 Service-service mutualisms, in which both organisms offer each other protection, are far less common. One unusual relationshi ...

WHELKS ARE LIKE LITTLE WOLVES IN SLOW MOTION KEYSTONE SPECIES US_060-065_Keystone_species.indd 60 12/11/18 6:24 PM ...

US_060-065_Keystone_species.indd 61 12/11/18 6:24 PM ...

62 A keystone species plays a crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions, even though it is often a small part of the overal ...

63 many other keystone organisms, and they each fulfill their role in different ways. Ecological engineers Prairie dogs in the A ...

64 chemically damaging the reef. If the parrotfish was overfished or died out from disease, the health of the reefs would rapidl ...

ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES 65 Reintroducing beavers to the UK Beavers were wiped out in the UK 400 years ago, but the beneficial role ...

66 THE FITNESS OF A FORAGING ANIMAL DEPENDS ON ITS EFFICIENCY OPTIMAL FORAGING THEORY E very plant and animal on Earth needs res ...

67 Oystercatchers, despite their name, are reliant on cockles and mussels as their primary food source. Without these shellfish, ...

68 PARASITES AND PATHOGENS CONTROL POPULATIONS LIKE PREDATORS ECOLOGICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY E pidemiology is the study of how disease ...

69 See also: The microbiological environment 84–85 ■ Microbiology 102–103 ■ The ubiquity of mycorrhizae 104–105 ■ Biodiversity a ...

70 pump, and the epidemic soon ended. This showed that cholera was a waterborne disease that humans contracted through contamina ...

71 From their calculations, they deduced that a disease will persist in a population whose equilibrium point (the rate of new ad ...

72 WHY DON’T PENGUINS’ FEET FREEZE? ECOPHYSIOLOGY T he central principle of Darwinian evolution is that all organisms, from simp ...

73 Emperor penguins survive freezing Antarctic temperatures thanks in part to the way their bodies have evolved to adapt to the ...

74 E very living organism— from tiny ocean algae to a mighty redwood—is made up of chemical elements in varying ratios. Ecologic ...

75 The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) has to eat vast quantities of carbon-rich plants in order to get enough nitrogen an ...

76 FEAR ITSELF IS POWERFUL NONCONSUMPTIVE EFFECTS OF PREDATORS ON THEIR PREY M any descriptions of ecosystems focus on predator– ...

77 See also: Evolution by natural selection 24–31 ■ Predator–prey equations 44–49 ■ Ecological niches 50–51 ■ Competitive exclus ...

ORDERIN G THE NATURAL WORLD US_078-079_Ch_3_Ordering_the_natural_world_Opener.indd 78 12/11/18 8:25 PM ...