The Ecology Book

ORGANIS MS IN A CHAN GING ENVIRON MENT US_158-159_Ch_6_Organisms_in_a_Changing_Environment_Opener.indd 159 12/11/18 8:25 PM ...

T he distribution of organisms through space and time is a fundamental interest of ecology. Early in the 19th century, Prussian ...

Clements argued that these climax communities were bound together and could be thought of as single, complex organisms. Clements ...

162 T he distribution, or range, of biological communities and species varies according to many factors—including latitude, clim ...

163 Tapirs evolved in North America at least 50 million years ago. They spread to and now live in Central and South America, as ...

164 THE VIRTUAL INCREASE OF THE POPULATION IS LIMITED BY THE FERTILITY OF THE COUNTRY THE VERHULST EQUATION P ierre-François Ver ...

165 See also: Distribution of species over space and time 162–163 ■ Metapopulations 186–187 ■ Metacommunities 190–193 ■ Overpopu ...

166 See also: Classification of living things 82–83 ■ Animal ecology 106–113 ■ Biodiversity and ecosystem function 156–157 T he ...

167 See also: Climate and vegetation 168–169 ■ Ecological succession 170–171 ■ The biosphere 204–205 ■ Endangered habitats 236–2 ...

168 THE CAUSES OF DIFFERENCES AMONG PLANTS CLIMATE AND VEGETATION T hat different plants grow in different climates was likely c ...

169 Like other epiphytes, Spanish moss lives on other species but draws water and nutrients from the air rather than from its ho ...

170 I HAVE GREAT FAITH IN A SEED ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION T he Indiana Dunes comprise a windswept section of shifting sand along th ...

171 The process of primary succession begins in barren environments such as bare rock. Hardy species, usually lichens, appear fi ...

172 THE COMMUNITY ARISES, GROWS, MATURES, AND DIES CLIMAX COMMUNITY T he term “climax community” was first proposed in 1916 by A ...

173 The Sonora Desert is often seen as an example of a climax community. It has both winter and summer rains, so its unique plan ...

174 AN ASSOCIATION IS NOT AN ORGANISM BUT A COINCIDENCE OPEN COMMUNITY THEORY W hen American plant ecologist Frederic Clements p ...

175 Diseases such as American chestnut blight challenge the idea of a fully integrated climax community, as the loss of the domi ...

176 E cologists have long sought to understand how species in a community interact to exploit resources. A key concept in the ex ...

177 See also: Evolution by natural selection 24–31 ■ Predator–prey equations 44–49 ■ Optimal foraging theory 66–67 ■ Animal ecol ...

THE CITIZEN NETWORK DEPENDS ON VOLUNTEERS CITIZEN SCIENCE US_178-183_Citizen_science.indd 178 12/11/18 6:25 PM ...