flight muscles so rapidly that their thoraxes,
or midsections, radiate small amounts of heat.
When a dozen or more bees rev their engines at
the same time, the cluster can significantly raise
the ambient temperature.
The bees were cooking the hornets alive.
“I find this ingenious,” says Jürgen Tautz,a recently retired biologist who specialized in
honeybees for about 25 years at the Julius Max-
imilian University of Würzburg, in Germany.
The heat trap is a powerful weapon, but it canalso lead to friendly fire. Sometimes the inner-
most bees in the ball die alongside the hornet,
sacrificing themselves for the colony’s defense.
This is just one facet of western honeybeebehavior that Arndt has captured in new detail
over the past two years. He has been photo-
graphing wildlife for 30 years, but he’s no insect
expert, so he partnered with Tautz.
The bee-versus-hornet behavior has been doc-umented in related species in Asia and has been
seen by western honeybee keepers in Israel and
Egypt, but no one had ever captured the insect
duel quite as Arndt had. “It’s the best photo of
it I’ve ever seen,” says Thomas D. Seeley, a Cor-
nell University professor who has been studying
honeybee behavior and social inter-
actions for half a century.
After the first few battles, Arndtsays, he saw hornets and honey-
bees locked in combat as many
as 10 times a day. If a honeybee
colony is weak, hornets can anni-
hilate it, but for now, the fight in
Arndt’s yard continues as a war of
insect attrition.
There are other factions in thissaga as well. Arndt says honeybees
from nearby colonies often raid the
nest in his backyard in an attempt
to steal its honey, especially toward
the end of summer when flowers
become less available.
AFTER ACCOMPANYING scientists
through the forests of Germany’s Hainich
National Park as they studied bees in the wild,
Arndt got hooked. But he realized that he’d never
truly unlock the insects’ secrets while watching
them in an artificial box engineered by humans
for the purpose of extracting honey. What he
really wanted was to photograph a natural nest.
This is no small feat. Even if you put on abeekeeping suit and climb 60 feet up into the
forest canopy where bees like to nest, as Arndt
did in 2018, “the most exciting stuff is happening
inside the tree,” he says.
So in February 2019, Arndt received permis-
sion from the German forest authorities to go
into a local forest and remove a fallen beech tree
with an abandoned black woodpecker cavity in
its trunk—a treasured home for western honey-
bees. He cut out a piece of the log and arranged
for it to be sent to his garden.
Arndt set to work building a four-walled,
plywood photographer’s blind up against the
200-pound hunk of wood, complete with light-
ing and a tiny window, which allowed him to
sneak his macro lens through the back of the
cavity. He then extracted the queen from a
nearby colony of western honeybees and placed
her inside the woodpecker burrow. All he had
to do was wait in the blind with his finger on
the shutter button.
Within moments, scout bees from the queen’s
original colony lit on the rim of the woodpecker
burrow. More bees landed and then more, until
the log hummed with tens of thousands of the
wild, social insects. The entire colony soon moved
itself into the woodpecker cavity.
Over six months, Arndt shot
more than 60,000 pictures, creating
a portrait of wild honeybees unlike
anything seen before.
“That is what makes this very
special,” Seeley says. Ornitholo-
gists have used similar techniques
to study birds, but no one studying
bees in the wild had done this.
Hundreds of hours in the blind
paid off. When it was warm out,
Arndt watched as bees made
repeated trips to a nearby water
source that he provided, where
they would suck up the liquid
with strawlike tongues and then
fly back to the nest. Inside, they
passed the water to another group
of bees, known as water spreaders, whose job is
to regurgitate the liquid onto the combs, where
it evaporates and creates a cooling effect. The
process can be accelerated when other bees fan
their wings to increase airflow to make the water
evaporate faster. Called evaporative cooling, it’s
essentially what happens when you sweat and
then sit in front of a fan.55%
Americans who rank
bees as first among
a list of species
they most want
to save, according to
a National Geographic
and Morning Consult
Poll. The least likely
to be ranked at the
top? Sharks, with zero
first-place votes.82 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC