Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies, 8th edition

ix

Communication models are for the most part listed using the
name of the person(s) who conceived them (e.g. shannon
and weaver’s model of communication, 1949), and
commissions/committees on the media are referred to by the
name of the chairperson(s) (e.g. pilkington commission
report on broadcasting (uk), 1962).

A star symbol (★) is used to denote that an illustration of that
communication model is included.

A checklist for use

to, including resistance to, social subordination.

See culture; highbrow; taste cultures;

youth culture.

▶Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction (Routledge, 1984) and

The Field of Cultural Production (Polity Press, 1993).

Cultural Indicators research project See

mainstreaming.

Cultural industry See frankfurt school of

theorists.

Cultural memory That which the community

recalls, re-encodes in a process of making sense

of the present. Cultural memory contrasts

with what has been termed instrumental or

electronic memory – that which can be numeri-

cally encoded and recorded, as on a computer.

In Communication, Culture and Hegemony:

From the Media to Mediation (Sage, 1993),

Jesus Martin-Barbero writes, ‘In contrast to

instrumental memory “cultural memory” does

not work with pure information or as a process

of linear accumulation’; rather, it is ‘articulated

Words in small capitals mean
that there is a separate entry.

Use is made of an arrow (▶) at the
end of some entries: here books
of special interest or value for
further reading on the topic are
recommended.

Source references are included in
the text of the relevant entry rather
than presented in an end-of-dictionary
bibliography.