In 1873, Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
Ireland shows an Irishman as an example of the Nordic type.
Other supposed "Caucasian sub-races" were the Alpine race, Dinaric race, Iranid race, East Baltic race,
and the Mediterranean race.
William Z. Ripley (1899)
American economist William Z. Ripley purported to define a " Teutonic race " in his book The Races of
Europe (1899). He divided Europeans into three main subcategories:
Teutonic, Alpine and Mediterranean. According to Ripley the Teutonic race resided in Scandinavia,
northern France, northern Germany, the Baltic states and East Prussia, northern Poland,
northwest Russia, Great Britain, Ireland, and parts of Central and Eastern Europe, and was typified by
light hair, light skin, light eyes, tall stature, a narrow nose, and slender body type. It was Ripley who
popularized this idea of three biological European races. Ripley borrowed Deniker's terminology of
Nordic (he had previously used the term "Teuton"); his division of the European races relied on a variety
of anthropometric measurements, but focused especially on their cephalic index and stature.
Compared to Deniker, Ripley advocated a simplified racial view and proposed the concept of a single
Teutonic race linked to geographic areas where Nordic-like characteristics predominate, and contrasted
these areas to the boundaries of two other types, Alpine and Mediterranean , thus reducing the
"caucasoid branch of humanity" to three distinct groups.