The origins of the Celtiberians might provide a key to understanding the Celticisation process in the rest
of the Peninsula. The process of Celticisation of the southwestern area of the peninsula by the Keltoi
and of the northwestern area is, however, not a simple Celtiberian question. Recent investigations
about the Callaici[89] and Bracari[90] in northwestern Portugal are providing new approaches to
understanding Celtic culture (language, art and religion) in western Iberia.[91]
John T. Koch of Aberystwyth University suggested that Tartessian inscriptions of the 8th century BC
might be classified as Celtic. This would mean that Tartessian is the earliest attested trace of Celtic by a
margin of more than a century.[92]
Germany, Alps and Italy
Main articles: Golasecca culture, Lepontii, and Cisalpine Gaul
The Celtic city of Heuneburg by the Danube, Germany, c. 600 BC,the oldest city north of the Alps.[93] Expansion of early
Germanic tribes into Central Europe,[94] helping press its previous Celts further south and southeast
Peoples of Cisalpine Gaul during the 4th to 3rd centuries BCFurther information: History of the Alps
The Canegrate culture represented the first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic[95][96] population from the
northwest part of the Alps that, through the Alpine passes, had already penetrated and settled in the
western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como (Scamozzina culture). It has also been
proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the