suggests that their homelands were located near each other. Proto-
Indo-European also exhibits lexical loans to or from Caucasian
languages, particularly Proto-Northwest Caucasian and Proto-
Kartvelian, which suggests a location close to the Caucasus.[17][4]
Gramkelidze and Ivanov, using the now largely unsupported glottalic
theory of Indo-European phonology, also proposed Semitic borrowings
into Proto-Indo-European, suggesting a more southern homeland to
explain these borrowings. According to Mallory and Adams, some of
these borrowings may be too speculative or from a later date, but they
consider the proposed Semitic loans *táwros 'bull'
and *wéyh₁on- 'wine; vine' to be more likely.[38]
Anthony notes that the small number of Semitic loanwords in Proto-
Indo-European that are generally accepted by linguists, such as words
for bull and silver , could have been borrowed via trade and migration
routes rather than through direct contact with the Semitic linguistic
homeland.[40]
Genesis of Indo-European languages
Phases of Proto-Indo-European
According to Anthony, the following terminology may be used:[2]
Archaic PIE for "the last common ancestor of the Anatolian and
non-Anatolian IE branches";
Early, or Post-Anatolian, PIE for "the last common ancestor of the
non-Anatolian PIE languages, including Tocharian";
Late PIE for "the common ancestor of all other IE branches".The Anatolian languages are the first Indo-European language family to
have split off from the main group. Due to the archaic elements
preserved in the Anatolian languages, they may be a "cousin" of Proto-