Notes to Pages 8–9 149
imitated, universally admired: Xen. Lac. Pol. 10.8, Arist. Pol. 1337a26–32. See also Joseph. Ap.
2.225. For an extended meditation on the pólıs as a species of political community, see Rahe, RAM,
I.i–vii. For further discussion of the reasons why Lacedaemon inspired wonder and admiration,
see Paul Christesen, “Utopia on the Eurotas: Economic Aspects of the Spartan Mirage,” in Spart
Soc, 309–37.
5.Pythagoras and Herodotus on faction: Aristox. F8 (Müller FHG II 273), Hdt. 8.3.1.
- Antidotes to faction: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist,
ed. Jacob E. Cook (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1961), no. 10. Homónoıa: Democr.
Vorsokr.^6 68 B250; Lys. 18.17; Xen. Mem. 4.4.16; Pl. Resp. 1.351a–352a, Alc. I 126b–127d; Anax-
imenes Rh. 1424b15–18 (Fuhrmann); Arist. Eth. Eud. 1241a15–34, Eth. Nic. 1155a22–26, 1167a22–
b16, Pol. 1330a9–23. See also Thuc. 8.75.2, 93.3; Andoc. 1.140; Lys. 2.63; Aeneas Tacticus 14.1;
Hyper. F27 (Jensen); Arist. Pol. 1306a9; Paus. 5.14.9. Free vs. commercial agorá: Arist. Pol.
1331a30–b3. Greek attitude toward commerce: Rahe, RAM, I.i–iii. - No coins; flat, iron ingots used instead; silver and gold outlawed: Xen. Lac. Pol. 7.5–6;
[Pl.] Eryxias 400b; Plut. Lyc. 9.1–3, Lys. 17, Mor. 226d; Just. Epit. 3.2.11–12; Porph. Abst. 4.3; Poll.
Onom. 7.105, 9.79. Note the measures adopted in Plato’s Cretan city: Leg. 5.741e–744a. See
Thomas J. Figueira, “Iron Money and the Ideology of Consumption at Sparta,” in SBM, 137–70.
Citizens barred from commerce and the mechanical arts: Xen. Lac. Pol. 7.1–2; Isoc. 11.18; Plut.
Lyc. 24.2, Ages. 26.6–9, Mor. 214b, 239d; Polyaen. 2.1.7; Ael. VH 6.6. See also Plut. Lyc. 9.4–9, Mor.
226d. Extreme lack of respect for mechanical arts: Hdt. 2.167. Given the absence of metics, the
necessary arts and crafts were presumably practiced by landless períoıkoı and by some of the helots
(Plut. Comp. Lyc. et Num. 2.7) as well: see R. T. Ridley, “The Economic Activities of the Perioikoi,”
Mnemosyne, 4th ser., 27 (1974): 281–92, which needs amendment in light of the rejoinder by Guy
Berthiaume, “Citoyens spécialistes à Sparte,” Mnemosyne, 4th ser., 29 (1976): 360–64. For another
view, see Paul Cartledge, “Did Spartan Citizens Ever Practice a Manual Tekhne?” LCM 1 (1976):
115–19. Note the measures which the Athenian Stranger devised for Magnesia: Pl. Leg. 5.743c–744a,
8.847d–e, 849c–d. Men under thirty barred from agorá: Plut. Lyc. 25.1 (with Arist. Pol. 1278a25–
26). Servants of Ares, craftsmen of war: Plut. Comp. Lyc. et Num. 2.6. Seek reputation for valor:
Thuc. 6.11.6. Trained to secure infantry victory: Xen. Hell. 7.1.8.
8.Horse-breeding: Paus. 6.2.1. Scrutiny of newborns and infanticide: Plut. Lyc. 16.1–3 with
Pom e roy, S Wo, 34–37, and the unpublished Ph.D. dissertation of Timothy Donald Doran, “Demo-
graphic Fluctuation and Institutional Response in Sparta” (University of California at Berkeley,
2011), passim (esp. 23–53, 70–77). Note Pierre Roussel, “L’Exposition des enfants à Sparte,” REA
45 (1943): 5–17, and Marc Huys, “The Spartan Practice of Selective Infanticide and Its Parallels in
Ancient Utopian Tradition,” AncSoc 27 (1996): 47–74. Cf. Stefan Link, “Zur Aussetzung neuge-
borener Kinder in Sparta,” Ty ch e 3 (1998): 153–64, and Marcello Lupi, L’Ordine delle generazioni:
Classi di età e costumi matrimoniali nell’antica Sparta (Bari: Edipuglia, 2000), 47–137. - Equal allotment of land and helots to work it: consider Plut. Lyc. 8.2–4, 16.1–3, Lyc. et
Num. 2.10–11, Sol. 16.1–3, Mor. 226b, 231e, 238e; Polyb. 6.45.3, 48.3; Just. Epit. 3.3.3; Porph. Abst.
4.3 in light of Aristotle F611.12 (Rose) = Tits. 143.1.2.12 (Gigon) and Isoc. 11.18, and see Pl. Leg.
3.684d–e, 5.736c–e and Isoc. 6.20, 12.179, 259 with Appendix 1, below. On the helots in particular,
see Detlef Lotze, Metaxù Eleuthérōn kaì Doúlōn: Studien zur Rechtsstellungunfreier Landbevölker
ungen in Griechenland bis zum 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1959), 38–47; Jean
Ducat, “Aspects de l’hilotisme,” AncSoc 9 (1978): 5–46, “Le Mépris des hilotes,” Annales (ESC) 29
(1974): 1451–64, and Hilotes, which should be read with an eye to Paul Cartledge’s review: CPh
87:3 (July 1992): 260–63; and Stephen Hodkinson, “Spartiates, Helots and the Direction of the
Agrarian Economy: Towards an Understanding of Helotage in Comparative Perspective,” in
HMLM, 248–85. Origins and secondary literature: see Chapter 3, below. - For the existence of and the rationale behind the regulations determining the rent to be
paid, see Plut. Mor. 239e. For the precise amount paid to each Spartan master and for its distribu-
tion within the household, see Plut. Lyc. 8.7. The portion reserved for the wife corresponds closely
with the monthly contribution made by her husband to the common mess: cf. Plut. Lyc. 12.3, who
has converted the Laconian into Attic measures, with Dicaearchus F72 (Wehrli) ap. Ath. 4.141c.
See also Porph. Abst. 4.4. This portion was roughly what a soldier or slave could expect in rations: