172 Notes to Pages 61–66
Isoc. 7.61, 12.178–79. Political egalitarianism: 7.61. In this connection, one might wish to ponder
Aristotle’s discussion of the fashion in which the distribution of offices within a polity can be at
odds or in tension with its agōgē ́ and ethos: Pol. 1292b11–20.
- Instability of mixed regimes: Tac. Ann. 4.33. Sparta a well-constituted civitas: Dial. 40.
See Ann. 3.26–27 with Hist. 2.38. - John Stuart Mill, “Grote’s History of Greece [I],” in The Collected Works of John Stuart
Mill, ed. John M. Robson et al. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963–91), XI 302–3. - Xenophon’s oblique criticism of Sparta: see Chapter 1, note 78, above. Plato as critic of
Lacedaemon: Leg. 1.625c9–631b1, 3.688a–d with Edmond Lévy, “La Sparte de Platon,” Ktèma 30
(2005): 217–36, and Mark J. Lutz, Divine Law and Political Philosophy in Plato’s Laws (Dekalb:
Northern Illinois University Press, 2012), 54–89. Aristotle also: Pol. 1271a41–1271b9, 1325a5–8,
1333a30–1334b5, 1338b9–38.
72.Lycurgus among the best lawgivers: Arist. Pol. 1296a18–21. Turned tyranny into an aris-
tocracy: 1316a29–34 with 1271b24–27. Rightly made provision for moral formation of citizens:
Eth. Nic. 1180a21–32, Pol. 1337a11–32. Deserved even more honor than accorded: Arist. F534
(Rose) = F544 (Gigon). Spartans flourish under laws of Lycurgus: Arist. Rh. 1398b17–18. As Joe
Sachs, “Translator’s Preface,” in Aristotle, The Politics, tr. Joe Sachs (Newburyport, MA: Focus
Philosophical Library, 2012), vii–xi (esp. ix–x), demonstrates, Aristotle’s treatment of Lacedae-
mon is complex, extremely nuanced, critical, and appreciative.
Chapter 3. Conquest
1.See Iris Murdoch, The Nice and the Good (London: Penguin, 1978), 171.
- Cf., for example, Robin Osborne, Greece in the Making, 1200–479 B.C. (London: Rout-
ledge, 1996); Jonathan Hall, A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200–479 BCE (Oxford:
Wiley-Blackwell, 2007); and Massimo Nafissi, “Sparta,” in A Companion to Archaic Greece, ed.
Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 117–37, who provides
a useful summary of the view of early Spartan history that I think mistaken. - Cf. Noel Robertson, Festivals and Legends: The Formation of Greek Cities in the Light of
Public Ritual (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992), 147–252, who, in treating Spartan
festivals, denies the commonsense view that events frequently gave rise to ritual and contends,
instead, that with regard to the archaic period ritual repeatedly gave rise to pseudo-historical
events, with Kõiv, STAS, 25–66, who argues that more often than not Spartan rituals commemo-
rate genuine historical events.
4.See Kõiv, ATEGH, 3–34, who surveys and analyzes the secondary literature and evidence
germane to the weighing of communal oral traditions. For the pertinence of his analysis to the
study of early Lacedaemon, see ibid., 35–215; Mait Kõiv, “The Origins, Development, and Reliabil-
ity of the Ancient Tradition about the Formation of the Spartan Constitution,” Historia 54:3
(2005): 233–64; and STAS, 25–66. - Phúsıs vs. nómos: Hdt. 7.101–5 (esp. 102.1, 103.4, 104.4–5). Nómos king of all: Hdt. 3.38,
Pindar F16 (Maehler). Kinship entirely fictive: Jonathan M. Hall, Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture (Chi-
cago: University of Chicago Press, 2002); and “The Dorianization of the Messenians,” in HMLM,
142–68, as well as Thomas J. Figueira, “The Evolution of Messenian Identity,” in SNS, 211–44; and
Nino Luraghi, The Ancient Messenians: Construction of Ethnicity and Memory (Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press, 2008), 1–248. - See Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza, The History and Ge
ography of Human Genes (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), passim (esp. 3–157,
372–82). For a less technical and more accessible treatment, see Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Genes,
Peoples and Languages, tr. Mark Seielstad (New York: North Point Press, 2000). For a particularly
telling example, see Isabel Mendizabal et al., “Reconstructing the Population History of European
Romani from Genome-wide Data,” Current Biology 22:24 (6 December 2012): 2342–49. No less
telling is the case of the ancient Etruscans. The oral tradition (Hdt. 1.94.5–7) asserting that they
were a kinship community and that they immigrated into Italy from Asia Minor is now borne out