176 Notes to Pages 76–80
also Karl-Wilhelm Welwei, “Überlegungen zur frühen Helotie in Lakonien,” in FS, 29–41, and
Kõiv, ATEGH, 149–59. For a recent attempt to make sense of the term helot, see Timothy Barnes,
“A Note on the Etymology of Heílotes,” in SCA, 286–87.
- The fact that, in The Iliad (2.581–90, 9.150–53, 292–94), Homer mentions a series of
places in southern Laconia and in the Mani and no place to the north of Sparta itself as belonging
to Lacedaemon may be an indication of the situation in the early archaic period—as Lukas Thom-
men, “Das Territorium des frühen Sparta,” in FS, 15–28, suspects. But it may, instead, reflect the
geopolitics of the Mycenaean period, as the recent discovery of a Mycenaean palace at Agios Va-
sileios near Xirokambi strongly suggests: see Chapter 4, note 27, below. - Alcamenes and Nikandros launch First Messenian War: Paus. 4.4.4–5.10. Lasts twenty
years, Theopompus finishes: Tyrtaeus F5 (West); Paus. 4.6.5, 13.6, 15.2–3. - Olympic games founded in 776: Eratosth. FGrH 241 F1; Paus. 5.4.5–6, 8.5–9.6; Euseb.
Chron. 1.191–94 (Schoene-Petermann). Literary evidence weighed in light of the archaeological
record: Catherine Morgan, Athletes and Oracles: The Transformation of Olympia and Delphi in the
Eighth Century BC (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 1–147. Last Messenian, first
Spartan victory in footrace: Paus. 5.8.6, Euseb. Chron. 1.195–96 (Schoene-Petermann). Paus-
anias’ dates for the First Messenian War: 4.5.10, 4.12.7–13.7, with Mosshammer, CE, 204–9.
36.Pausanias’ chronology worthless: Victor Parker, “The Dates of the Messenian Wars,” Chi
ron 12 (1991): 25–47; Pamela-Jane Shaw, “Olympiad Chronology and ‘Early’ Spartan History,” in
SNS, 273–209 (at 275–82), and Discrepancies in Olympiad Dating and Chronological Problems of
Archaic Peloponnesian History (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2003), 100–144; and Christesen,
Olympic Victor Lists and Ancient Greek History, 112–22, 482–87. Case for dating the First Messe-
nian War to the early seventh century: Mischa Meier, Aristokraten und Damoden: Untersuchungen
zur inneren Entwicklung Spartas im 7. Jahrhundert v. Chr. und zur politischen Funktion der Dich
tung des Tyrtaios (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998), 18–185. - Cf. Walter Scheidel, “The Greek Demographic Expansion: Models and Comparisons,”
JHS 123 (2000): 120–40, whose doubts seem to me unjustified. Early in the archaic period, condi-
tions in Greece were not unlike those in North America in the eighteenth century, where, as
Scheidel acknowledges, the population doubled every twenty-five years. That there would in time
be overshoot goes without saying, and this may explain the colonial movement of the eighth,
seventh, and sixth centuries. - Minyan saga: Pind. Pyth. 4 (esp. 250–61), 5.63–76; Paus. 3.1.7–8; Hdt. 4.145.2–149.2.
Dorian tribes: Hom. Od. 19.177, Tyrtaeus F19.8 (West). Triphylia: Strabo 8.3.3, 19 with Thomas
Heine Nielsen, “Triphylia,” in I A C P, 540–46.
39.Lemnos and Imbros, Amyclae, then Crete: Conon FGrH 26 F1.36, Plut. Mor. 247d. - Partheníaı: Arist. Pol. 1306b29–31, Antiochus of Syracuse FGrH 555 F 13, Ephorus of
Cumae FGrH 70 F216, Diod. 8.21, Paus. 10.10.6, Polyaen. Strat. 2.14.2. Taras founded in 706:
Euseb. Chron. p. 91 (Helm). Note Bjorn Quiller, “Reconstructing the Spartan Partheniai: Many
Guesses and a Few Facts,” SO 71 (1996): 34–41, and see Massimo Naffisi, “From Sparta to Taras:
Nomima, Ktisis, and Relationships between Colony and Mother City,” in SNS, 245–72, for an in-
telligent discussion of the evidence and the recent scholarship. Note also Marcello Lupi, L’Ordine
delle generazioni: Classi di età e costumi matrimoniali nell’antica Sparta (Bari: Edipuglia, 2000),
171–94 (which should be read in light of ibid., 47–169).
41.Turmoil in early Lacedaemon: Thuc. 1.18.1. Thera, Melos, Lyktos, Gortyn, Taras: Malkin,
Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterranean, 67–142. For an intelligent overview of this early
period that pays close attention to the various strands in the oral tradition, see Kõiv, ATEGH,
69–140. - Early generosity in incorporating strangers: Ephorus FGrH 70 F118 and Arist. Pol.
1270a34–37.
43.Agamemnon and Achilles: Hom. Il. 1.8–303.
44.Chariots deployed in Homer as prestige vehicles: Greenhalgh, EGW, 1–39, and Robert E.
Gaebel, Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,
2002), 19–60. I do not mean to suggest that there is anything odd about the use of chariots as
prestige vehicles: J. K. Anderson, “Homeric, British and Cyrenaic Chariots,” AJA 69:4 (October
1965): 349–52, and “Greek Chariot-Borne and Mounted Infantry,” AJA 79:3 (July 1975): 175–87.