Notes to Pages 87–90 179
dispute is summarized in Donald Kagan and Gregory F. Viggiano, “The Hoplite Debate,” in MB,
1–56.
- Virtues of single-grip shield: Schwartz, Reinstating the Hoplite, 35–37. Armband-and-
rim-grip shield and phalanx inseparable: Paul A. Cartledge, “The Birth of the Hoplite,” 158, and
“Hoplitai/Politai: Refighting Ancient Battles,” in MB, 74–84 (esp. 77–78); and Viggiano, “The Hop-
lite Revolution and the Rise of the Polis,” 113–20. - Thud of missiles: Alcaeus F140.10 (Lobel-Page), Archilochus F139.6 (West), Callinus
F1.14 (West). Note F1.5, 9–11. Archers sheltering behind the shields of the heavily armed: Hom.
Il. 4.112–15, 8.255–72, 15.440–44. Light-armed troops doing the same: Tyrtaeus F11.35–38
(West). Skirmishing: F19.19–20, 23a.10–14 (West). Van Wees, who rightly cites this evidence and
draws attention to the pertinent vase paintings, fails to recognize that the survival of outmoded
tactics has no bearing on the crucial question: cf. van Wees, “The Development of the Hoplite
Phalanx,” 125–66, and G W, 166–83 - Rejection of Homeric understanding of human excellence, front ranks of phalanx pro-
tecting those behind: Tyrtaeus F12 (West). Fence of shields: F19 (West). Depiction of hoplite
warfare: F11 (West). Cf. van Wees, “The Development of the Hoplite Phalanx,” 149–52, who tries
to read the phalanx out of Tyrtaeus’ battle descriptions, with Schwartz, Reinstating the Hoplite,
115–23, who shows that this cannot be done. The argument that Jason Crowley, The Psychology of
the Athenian Hoplite, passim, makes concerning the Athenians can be extended to Lacedaemoni-
ans as well. In this connection, see Robert D. Luginbill, “Tyrtaeus 12 West: Come Join the Spartan
A r m y,” CQ n.s. 52:2 (2002): 405–14. - Aristocracies based on horsemen: Arist. Pol. 1289b33–40, 1297b1–27. See also 1321a5–
- It is almost universally assumed that Aristotle has true cavalry in mind, but it is perfectly
possible that he is thinking of horse-borne raiders and infantrymen. Hıppobótaı of Chalcis and
Hıppeîs of Eretria: Arist Ath. Pol. 15.2; Hdt. 5.77.2, 600.1. - Thebes and chariots: Soph. Ant. 149, 844–45. The elite Theban unit of “charioteers and
footmen” mentioned by Diod. 12.701.1 would appear to be, like the hıppeîs of Lacedaemon, a relic
of an earlier epoch. Narrow aristocracy [dunasteía olígōn] at Thebes: Thuc. 3.62 with Hdt. 9.15–16,
86–88; Plut. Arist. 18.7. - On this particular point, see Josho J. Brouwers, “From Horsemen to Hoplites: Some
Remarks on Archaic Greek Warfare,” BABesch 82:2 (2007): 305–19 (at 309–16), and Henchmen of
Ares: Warriors and Warfare in Early Greece (Rotterdam: Karwansaray Publishers, 2013), 40–103.
In this connection, note Ioannis Georganas, “Weapons and Warfare in Early Iron Age Thessaly,”
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 5:2 (2005): 63–74. - One-half of Messenian harvest extracted each year: Tyrtaeus F6 (West), Paus. 4.14.4–5.
Homeric analogue: Il. 18.509–12, 22.111–28, with Henk W. Singor, “Spartan Lots and Helot
Rents,” in De Agricultura: In Memoriam Pieter Willem de Neeve (1945–1990), ed. Heleen Sanci-
si-Weerdenburg, R. J. Vander Spek, H. C. Teitler, and H. T. Wallinga (Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben,
1993), 31–60 (at 42–45), and Stefan Link, Das Frühe Sparta: Untersuchungen zur spartanischen
Staatsbildung im 7. und 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr. (St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag, 2000),
31–58. - Argive shields: Snodgrass, Arms and Armour of the Greeks, 54–55, 67–68, and Pierre
Amandry, “Le Bouclier d’Argos,” BCH 107 (1983): 627–34, with Plin. NH 7.200; Apoll. Bibl. 2.2.1–2;
Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 4.16.2; Paus. 2.25.7, 8.50.1; POxy 10.1241. In this connection, see Irene
Ringwood Arnold, “The Shield of Argos,” AJA 41 (1937): 436–40. - Panoply tombs at Argos: Paul Courbin, “Une Tombe géometrique d’Argos,” BCH 81
(1957): 322–86 (at 340–67), and Evangelia Protonotariou-Deilaki, “Arkhaiotites kai mnimeia: Ar-
golidokorinthias,” AD 26 (1971): 68–84 (esp. 81–82, Figure 13) and 27 (1973): 80–122 (esp. 99,
Plate 95). If no shield was found in any of these tombs, it was presumably because the practice of
adding bronze rims, emblems, and facings to the wooden shields did not begin until the last third
of the seventh century: see Peter Bol, Argivische Schilde (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1989).
62.Argives and Arcadians aid Messenians in First Messenian War: Paus. 4.10.7–11.8, 8.5.10.
Cynouria dispute: 3.2.2–3, 7.3. Nikandros and Asinaeans ravage the Argolid: 3.7.4. Battle of
Hysiae: 2.24.7 with Mosshammer, CE, 223–24 (with n. 8). Pheidon of Argos: Arist. Pol. 1310b16–
28 and Ephorus FGrH 70 F115 with Antony Andrewes, “The Corinthian Actaeon and Pheidon of