182 Notes to Pages 94–96
“The Dating of the Adoption, in the Hellenic World in General and at Sparta in Particular, of the
Various Components of the Hoplite Equipment, and the Dating of the Adoption of Phalanx-
Tactics,” in Toynbee, SPGH, 213–49 (at 221–39), 250–60, who recognizes that the sociopolitical
reform instituted at Lacedaemon must have been a consequence of the military revolution, but
dates the latter and, therefore, the former to the latter part of the seventh century.
- Thaletas of Gortyn at Carneia in 676: Philodemos De Musica 85–86 (Kemke). Plays
prominent role in founding Gymnopaidiai: Plut. Mor. 1134b–c. Foundation occasioned by Spar-
tan defeat: Henry Theodore Wade-Gery, “A Note on the Origin of the Spartan Gymnopaidiai,” CQ
43:1/2 (January–April 1949): 79–81; Pettersson, Cults of Apollo at Sparta, 42–56; and Richer, La
Religion des Spartiates, 383–422. On Hysiae, see note 62, above. - Outbreak of Second Messenian War, role of Argives and Arcadians: Tyrtaeus F5.6, 23a
(West); Apollod. FGrH 244 F334; Paus. 3.3.1–5, 4.15.1–17.9. Note Arist. Pol. 1269a39–1269b5.
73.Tyrtaeus’ war fought by “fathers of our fathers”: F5.6 (West). Pausanias dates outbreak of
Second Messenian War to 685: 4.15.1, 23.4. In this connection, see Mosshammer, CE, 204–9. - Initial stage of Second Messenian War: Paus. 4.15.2–17.9, 22.6–7, 8.5.13; Kallisthenes
FGrH 124 F23; Polyb. 4.33.5–6; Plut. Mor. 548f. Tyrtaeus on Battle of the Great Trench: F9, 23a
(West). See Schol. Arist. Eth. Nic. 1116b. Aristocrates lived two generations before Periander of
Corinth and is said to have ruled over almost all of Arcadia: Diog. Laert. 1.94. Aristomenes retreats
to Eira on the Neda River near Phigaleia and conducts guerrilla war: Paus. 4.15.4–23.4, 26.6,
33.4–6 with Mattias N. Valmin, Études topographiques sur la Messénie ancienne (Lund: Carl Blom,
1930), 118–20. Flight 287 years before Epaminondas’ liberation of Messenia: 4.26.3–27.11. - Flight of Aristomenes, daughter marries Damagetus of Ialysos: Paus. 4.24.1–3. Diagori-
dae: Pind. Olymp. 7; Thuc. 8.35.1, 44, 52, 84.2–3; Xen. Hell. 1.1.2, 5.19; Diod. 13.38.5–6, 45.1–6;
Paus. 6.6.2, 7.1–7. Aristomenes’ death at Rhodes at time of reign in Lydia of Ardys son of Gyges:
4.24.2–3. Pindar’s failure to mention the descent of the Diagoridae from Aristomenes would weigh
against the story told by Pausanias only if it could be shown that, in 490 in the larger Greek world,
one’s descent from a failed Messenian leader would have been a source of pride. Cf. Henry Theo-
dore Wade-Gery, “The ‘Rhianos Hypothesis,’ ” in ASI, 289–302, who is, I think, too quick to dis-
miss Pausanias’ testimony concerning the Diagorid connection. Pausanias’ error concerning the
number of generations separating Damagetus and the Diagoridae of the fifth and fourth centuries
is an indication of genealogical confusion of the sort to be expected and nothing more. - Cf. Lionel Pearson, “The Pseudo-History of Messenia and Its Authors,” Historia 11:4
(October 1962): 397–426; Daniel Ogden, Aristomenes of Messene: Legends of Sparta’s Nemesis
(Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2004); and Nino Luraghi, The Ancient Messenians: Construc
tion of Ethnicity and Memory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 1–248 (esp. 88–92),
who seem to think the stories pure retrojection from quite late. - Marriage of Hagnagora and Thrayx of Phigaleia: Rhianos FGrH 265 F40, Paus. 4.24.1.
Capture of Phigaleia, its liberation with the help of one hundred citizens of Oresthasion, monu-
ment at Phigaleia in their honor: 8.39.3–5, 41.1; Polyaen. 6.27.2. Descendants of Tharyx still
prominent in the mid-fourth century: Wade-Gery, “The ‘Rhianos Hypothesis,’ ” 292–97. Note also
Arnold J. Toynbee, “Sparta’s Conquest of Laconia and Messenia,” in Toynbee, SPGH, 164–88 (at
186, n. 2). After reading note 3, above, cf. Robertson, Festivals and Legends, 219–52, with J. Ken-
drick Pritchett, “Aetiology sans Topography: 3. Phigaleia and the Oresthasians and 4. The Ithomaia
and the Messenian Wars,” in Pritchett, Thucydides’ Pentekontaetia and Other Essays, 262–79.
78.Helot families: Thuc. 1.103.1–3. Helot households and settlements: Diod. 12.67.4, Strabo
8.5.4, Xen. Hell. 3.3.5. For a succinct account of what archaeology has to teach us about Messenia
in the age stretching from the Mycenaean period through the period of Spartan domination, see
Ann B. Harrison and Nigel Spencer, “After the Palace: The Early ‘History’ of Messenia,” in Sandy
Pylos: An Archaeological History from Nestor to Navarino, ed. Jack L. Davis (Austin: University of
Texas Press, 1998), 147–62 (at 158–62). - Shared cults: Maddalena L. Zunino, Hiera Messeniaka; La Storia religiosa della Messenia
dall’età micenea all’età ellenistica (Udine: Forum, 1997). Memory and the oppressed: L. R. Shero,
“Aristomenes the Messenian,” TAPhA 69 (1938): 500–531, and Susan E. Alcock, “The Pseudo-
History of Messenia Unplugged,” TAPhA 129 (1999): 333–41, “The Peculiar Book IV and the
Problem of the Messenian Past,” in Pausanias: Travel and Memory in Roman Greece, 143–53, and