Notes to Pages 103–5 185
- Tribal reforms at Corinth: John B. Salmon, Wealthy Corinth: A History of the City to 338
B.C. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), 205–9, 413–19, and “Cleisthenes (of Athens) and Corinth,”
in Herodotus and His World: Essays from a Conference in Memory of George Forrest, ed. Peter
Derow and Robert Parker (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 219–34. On Samos: Graham
Sh ipl e y, A History of Samos, 800–188 B.C. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 287–89, and Aideen
C ar t y, Polycrates, Tyrant of Samos: New Light on Archaic Greece (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag,
2015), 41–42. At Eretria: Denis Knoepfler, “Le Territoire d’Éretrie et l’organisation politique de la
cité (démoi, chōroi, phylai),” in The Polis as an Urban Centre and as a Political Community, ed.
Mogens Herman Hansen (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1997), 352–449, and Keith G. Walker, Ar
chaic Eretria: A Political and Social History from the Earliest Times to 490 BC (London: Routledge,
2004), 239–55. At Athens: Hdt. 5.66–69 and Arist. Ath. Pol. 20–21 with Phillip Brook Manville,
The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990). At
Cyrene: Hdt. 4.160–64 and Arist. Pol. 1319b19–26 with Eric W. Robinson, The First Democracies:
Early Popular Government Outside Athens (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997), 105–8. At Rome:
Tim J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars
(c. 1000–264 BC) (London: Routledge, 1995), 173–97, and Christopher Smith, Early Rome and
Latium: Economy and Society, c. 1000–500 BC (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 196–210. For
an overview, see Nicholas F. Jones, Public Organization in Ancient Greece: A Documentary Study
(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1987), and James L. O’Neil, The Origins and De
velopment of Ancient Greek Democracy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995), 161–73. Case
for Sparta: Wade-Gery, “The Spartan Rhetra in Plutarch’s Lycurgus VI: C. What Is the Rhetra?”
115–26, reprinted in Wade-Gery, EGH, 66–85, and Cartledge, Agesilaos, 427–31.
17. Theopompus succeeded by grandson: Paus. 3.7.6, 4.15.3. King at end of First Messenian
War: Tyrtaeus F5 (West), Paus. 4.6.4–5. Alive but incapacitated at time of Hysiae: 2.24.7, 3.7.5.
Great Rhetra and procedure for arraying citizens by tribes and villages: Tyrtaeus F4 (West), Plut.
Lyc. 6 with Wade-Gery, “The Spartan Rhetra in Plutarch’s Lycurgus VI: C. What Is the Rhetra?”
117–26, reprinted in Wade-Gery, EGH, 70–85. Organization of the Carneia: Hesych. s.v. Karneâtaı.
18. Social discontent, food shortage, and pressure for land redistribution at Sparta during
Messenian revolt: Tyrtaeus F1 (West) with Arist. Pol. 1306b36–1307a2, Paus. 4.18.1–3.
19.My reconstruction differs from that advanced by Kõiv, ATEGH, 148–215, and “The Ori-
gins, Development, and Reliability of the Ancient Tradition about the Formation of the Spartan
Constitution,” 233–64, in one important particular. He wants to credit a Lycurgus who lived before
the First Messenian War with the Great Rhetra and the establishment of the Spartan kósmos more
generally. I believe that the Great Rhetra and many of the other distinctive Spartan institutions
were the work of Theopompus, Polydorus, and their immediate successors in the seventh century
and that, in a fashion perfectly consistent with the working of oral tradition, these were attributed
to the eighth-century lawgiver.
20.Polydorus assassinated: Paus. 3.3.2–3. Image on ephors’ seal of office: 3.11.10.
21. Late development of Spartan institutions and practices: Nafissi, La Nascita del Kosmos,
11–150; Lukas Thommen, Lakedaimonion Politeia: Die Entstehung der Spartanischen Verfassung
(Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1996), 115–46, and Sparta: Vefassungs und Sozialgeschichte einer
griechischen Polis (Stuttgart: Verlag J. B. Metzler, 2003); Stephen Hodkinson, “The Development
of Spartan Society and Institutions in the Archaic Period,” in The Development of the Polis in Ar
chaic Greece (Abingdon: Routledge, 1997), 83–102; Jacqueline Christien, “Les Temps d’une vie,”
Métis 12 (1997): 45–79; Dean A. Miller, “The Spartan Kingship: Some Extended Notes on Com-
plex Duality,” Arethusa 31:1 (1998): 1–17; Stefan Link, Das Frühe Sparta: Untersuchungen zur
spartanischen Staatsbildung im 7. und 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr. (St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae
Verlag, 2000); and Michael Flower, “The Invention of Tradition in Classical and Hellenistic Sparta,”
in SBM, 191–217. Ducat, Hilotes, 140–44, even suggests that the Messenians were not made helots
until the fifth century.
22. Damasímbrotos: Simonides F111 (PMG). Eunomía: Tyrtaeus F2 (West). Common way of
life established early on: see, for example, Simonides F628 (PMG), Hdt. 1.65.2–4, Thuc. 1.6.4, Plut.
Lyc. 2–26.
23. See Birgalias, OES, 343–65, and Mischa Meier, “Wann Enstand das Homoios-Ideal in