188 Notes to Pages 114–17
- Battle lost near Orchomenos: Theopompus of Chios FGrH 115 F69 with D. M. Leahy,
“The Spartan Defeat at Orchomenus,” Phoenix 12:4 (Winter 1958): 141–65.
44. Spartans defeated by Tegeans in Battle of the Fetters: Hdt. 1.66, Deinias of Argos FGrH
306 F4.
45. Lichas and bones of Orestes: Hdt. 1.67–68; Paus. 3.11.10, 8.54.4. Some think Orestes’
bones must have been found not at Tegea, as Herodotus claims, but at the strategic site of Orest-
hasion (above, note 29), a few miles east of the road from Sparta through Arcadia to Messenia: see,
for example, George L. Huxley, “Bones for Orestes,” GRBS 20:2 (1979): 145–48. I regard this hy-
pothesis as intriguing and attractive but unproven.
46.Except regarding Tegea, Spartans successful in reign of Leon and Hegesikles: Hdt. 1.65.1.
Hegemony achieved under Anaxandridas and Ariston: 1.67.1, 68.6. See Arnold J. Toynbee, “Spar-
ta’s Conquest of Laconia and Messenia,” in Toynbee, SPGH, 164–88 (at 182–85).
47. Meltas’ achievements and fate: Diod. 7.13.2; Paus. 2.19.2; Plut. Mor. 340c, 396c. In this
connection, see Antony Andrewes, “Ephoros Book I and the Kings of Argos,” CQ n. s. 1:1/2
(January–April 1951): 39–45.
48. Bones of Teisamenos: Paus. 7.1.8 with D. M. Leahy, “The Bones of Tisamenus,” Historia
4:1 (1955): 26–38.
49. Heirs to Agamemnon: Hdt. 7.153.1, 159 with Deborah D. Boedeker, “Hero Cult and
Politics in Herodotus: The Bones of Orestes,” in Cultural Poetics in Archaic Greece: Cult, Perfor
mance, Politics, ed. Carol Dougherty and Leslie Kurke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1993), 164–77; Barbara McCauley, “Heroes and Power: The Politics of Bone Transferal,” in Ancient
Greek Hero Cult (Stockholm: Paul Åströms Förlag, 1999), 85–98; David D. Phillips, “The Bones
of Orestes and Spartan Foreign Policy,” in Gestures: Essays in Ancient History, Literature, and Phi
losophy Presented to Alan L. Boegehold, ed. Geoffrey W. Bakewell and James P. Sickinger (Oxford:
Oxbow Books, 2003), 301–16; and Karl-Wilhelm Welwei, “Orestes at Sparta: The Political Signif-
icance of the Grave of the Hero,” in SpartSoc, 219–30.
50. Runaway Messenians once made Tegean citizens: Polyb. 4.33.5. Refugees expelled in
wake of Spartan alliance: Arist. F592 (Rose) = F609 (Gigon) with Felix Jacoby, “Chrēstoús Poıeîn
(Aristotle fr. 592R),” CQ 38:1/2 (January–April 1944): 15–16, and Toynbee, “Sparta’s Conquest
of Laconia and Messenia,” 186, n. 2. Note Kallisthenes FGrH 124 F23. Cf. George L. Cawkwell,
“Sparta and Her Allies in the Sixth Century,” CQ n. s. 43:2 (1993): 364–76 (at 368–70), reprinted
in Cawkwell, CC, 54–73; Thomas Braun, “Chrēstoús Poıeîn,” CQ n. s. 44:1 (1994): 40–45; Thomas
Heine Nielsen, Arkadia and Its Poleis in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Göttingen: Vanden-
hoeck & Ruprecht, 2002), 188–90, 393–94; and Thommen, Sparta, 53, who give the treaty a
fifth-century date. To do so, one would have to suppose what we know to be untrue: that the helot
threat first presented itself at the time of the earthquakes in the mid-fifth century.
51.Stone monument: Arist. F592 (Rose) = F609 (Gigon). Location disputed: cf. Leahy, “The
Spartan Defeat at Orchomenos,” 162–64 (with n. 68), with W. Kendrick Pritchett, “The Course of
the Alpheios River,” in SAGT, I 122–30, and see Henry Theodore Wade-Gery, “The ‘Rhianos Hy-
pothesis,’ ” in ASI, 289–302 (at 297–98, 302).
52. The helot threat was not the motive for the alliance with Tegea alone; it was the concern
that inspired from the outset Lacedaemon’s alliance system as a whole: Ernst Baltrusch, “Mythos
oder Wirklichkeit? Die Helotengefahr und der Peloponnesische Bund,” HZ 272:1 (February 2001):
1–24.
53. Spartans posture as friends of liberty, enemies to tyranny: Thuc. 1.18.1, Arist. Pol.
1312b7–8. Overthrow tyrants, sponsor oligarchies: Thuc. 1.19, 76.1; Arist. Pol. 1307b23–24. Cor-
inthians recall to standard: Hdt. 5.92α. Sparta’s policy was no doubt based on a shrewd calculation
of the community’s interest, but legendary it was not: cf. Rainer Bernhardt, “Die Entstehung der
Legende von der tyrannenfeindlichen Aussenpolitik Spartas im sechsten und fünften Jahrhundert
v. Chr.,” Historia 36:3 (3rd Quarter 1987): 257–89, with Cawkwell, “Sparta and Her Allies in the
Sixth Century,” 364–76, reprinted in Cawkwell, CC, 54–73.
54.List of tyrants overthrown: Plut. Mor. 859c–d. Chilon as ephor: Diog. Laert. 1.68, Euseb.
Chron. 2.96–97 (Schoene). Elected to gerousía: Arist. Rh. 1398b14–15. Papyrus linking Chilon
with Aeschines’ expulsion: FGrH 105 F1 with D. M. Leahy, “Chilon and Aeschines: A Further
Consideration of Rylands Greek Papyrus fr. 18,” BRL 38 (1955–1956): 406–35.