CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Valuation
Knowingwhat an asset isworth and whatdetermines that
value is a prerequisite for intelligent decision making—in
choosing investments for a portfolio, in deciding on the
appropriate price to pay or receive in a takeover, and in
making investment, financing, and dividend choices when
runningabusiness.Thepremiseofthisbookisthatwecan
makereasonableestimatesofvalueformostassets,andthat
thesamefundamentalprinciplesdeterminethevaluesofall
types of assets, real as well as financial. Some assets are
easiertovaluethanothers,thedetailsofvaluationvaryfrom
asset to asset, and the uncertainty associated with value
estimates is different for different assets, but the core
principles remain the same. This chapter lays out some
generalinsightsaboutthevaluationprocessandoutlinesthe
role that valuation plays in portfolio management, in
acquisition analysis, and in corporate finance. It also
examinesthethreebasicapproachesthatcanbeusedtovalue
an asset.
A PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS FOR VALUATION
Apostulateofsoundinvestingisthataninvestordoesnotpay
moreforanassetthanitisworth.Thisstatementmayseem
logicalandobvious, butitisforgotten andrediscovered at
sometimeineverygenerationandineverymarket.Thereare
thosewhoaredisingenuousenoughtoarguethatvalueisin
theeyesofthebeholder,andthatanypricecanbejustifiedif
there areotherinvestors willingto pay that price. That is