FoundationalConceptsNeuroscience

with about 350 different olfactory receptor proteins. Each different GPCR responds to molecules having specific molecular shapes ...

and 349, each with a specific level of GPCR pathway activation. And odorant Z may bind to olfactory receptor proteins 9, 45,91, ...

Our words aroma and aromatic derive from the Greek word for spice. Spices are among the archetypical aromatic substances, highly ...

(^) (^) at Figure 12.2. Drawing of an alembic (alchemical still), from The Art of Distilla- tion, published in 1651. When we sme ...

ages. The aromatic essence of cardamom contains dozens of interest- ing molecules, with such names as limonene, menthone, eucaly ...

Figure 12.3. Black pepper, Piper nigrum. H.C CH3 HO CH me gh Sabinene Linalool 0 morro oO Piperine Note that sabinene and limone ...

Because of its popularity as a spice, black pepper was involved in a robust trade for many centuries between India and Europe th ...

Citronellol Geraniol OH Nerol Note that citronellol, geraniol, and nerol have similar molecular shapes: each is a linear chain o ...

ious, reminiscent of mothballs and often mentioned as a contributor to the odor of feces. Indole is indeed present in human fece ...

essential oil of rose, is readily associated with its characteristic aroma. Note the structures of these two molecules, geranial ...

They each contain sulfur—hydrogen (-SH) groups. In chemistry, thio refers to the element sulfur and thiol to the -SH group. Thes ...

Many have enjoyed eating asparagus and have recognized the char- acteristic “asparagus pee” smell in their urine shortly after h ...

The olfactory GPCRs are in the membranes of the olfactory receptor cells in the nasal epithelium. Activation of an olfactory GPC ...

combination of both. Figure 12.4. Durians (and a coconut) available for immediate consumption (note the cleaver) at a roadside s ...

completely armed that if the stalk is broken off it is a difficult matter to lift one from the ground. The outer rind is so thic ...

component is said to be the molecule 2,4-dithiapentane. Flavored “truffle oil” for use in cuisine is sometimes made by adding th ...

mammal at its mother’s mammary organ, regulation of hormones as- sociated with mating, and aspects of attraction or aggression b ...

CHAPTER 1 3 Tongue and Taste Gustation, taste, from the Latin gustare; related to gusto: enjoyment, delight. The receptor cells ...

increase sensory surface area. While functionally similar, they are structurally different. Microvilli are smaller than cilia an ...

Structural cells Pore Microvilli of tongue Cranial nerve fibers to brain Taste receptor cells Ps Gustatory stem cells Figure 13. ...