FoundationalConceptsNeuroscience

channel. The channel or hole is generally closed and opens when a specific neurotransmitter molecule binds to a particular site ...

with a molecule of GTP (guanosine triphosphate, a chemical relative of ATP) taken from the intracellular medium, and the G-prote ...

Several important things emerge from this description. Ionotropic receptors do one thing and do it very quickly: neurotransmitte ...

> Neurotransmitter molecules Effector enzyme (adenylate cyclase) G-protein G-protein subunits Protein kinase —————— cAMP Subs ...

and DAG can act as intracellular signaling molecules, moving about and activating other processes. Thus, these cascades create f ...

And here, just one subbranch of just one path. Think of the prospects—now, you do the math! And, in closing, a haiku: Neurotrans ...

CHAPTER 7 Neuroanatomy and Excitability Glutamate and GABA are the primary excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the hu ...

one of the principal divisions of the body’s neural network. What are these divisions? There is the central nervous system (CNS) ...

has extensive neural interconnections with the CNS, it also appears to operate with a great deal of autonomy, internally regulat ...

interconnected whole—an organism, the structure, function, and evolution of which can ultimately be understood only as a holisti ...

example, in increased heart rate and respiration. For this reason, the sympathetic system is sometimes simplistically referred t ...

There are specific terms to describe these actions of drugs. An agonist is a molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter receptor ...

active and have opposite effects, enhancing the effects of one has essentially the same consequences as decreasing the effects o ...

Figure 7.1. Muscles in the iris of the eye. The pupillary opening, through which light passes, is in the center. Sphincter muscl ...

doctors often use a combination of two kinds of drops, one con- taining a parasympatholytic drug and the other containing a symp ...

Otto Loewi’s investigation of the parasympathetic neural connec- tions with the heart via the vagus nerve. In addition to its si ...

Basal forebrain nuclei Midbrain-pontine nuclei Figure 7.2. This medial view of the brain labels several clusters of cells known ...

NH> NH2 NH2 \ COOH HO \ COOH HO \ — —> N H N H H N Tryptophan 5-hydroxytryptophan Serotonin The two steps are catalyzed by ...

Raphe nuclei Figure 7.3. The raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. Serotonergic axons from the raphe nucl ...

NH2 henylalanine oes sli NH» sine HO ST fms HO NH» DOPA He) | COOH HO NH> HO OH HO norepinephrine Fs = 8 HO CH HO N~ _ epinep ...