FoundationalConceptsNeuroscience

(^)
(^)
1
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li | Be Bi|C|N{O|F |Ne
W 12 13 14 16 16 17 18
Na | Mg Al | Si | P| S | Cl} Ar
19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36
K |Ca|Sc| Ti | V | Cr|Mn| Fe Co Ni | Cu| Zn | Ga|Ge/| As | Se| Br | Kr
37 38 39 40 a“ 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 $2 83 54
Rb| Sr} Y | Zr |Nb|Mo/ Tc | Ru Rh Pd| Ag/ Cd} In |Sn|Sb/ Te} | | Xe
55 $6 (57-71) 72 73 4 7 76 77 7 73 80 81 82 83 BA 35 86
Cs | Ba Hf | Ta |W |Re|Os Ir | Pt | Au| Hg| TI | Pb | Bi | Po| At | Rn
87 88 89-103] 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 109 110 | 111 | 192 | 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 | 117 | 18
Fr | Ra Rf |Db|Sg|Bh| Hs Mt) Ds | Rg | Cn} vut| Fl |vup} Lv | Uus |Uuo
(^58) | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71
La | Ce| Pr |Nd|Pm Sm) Eu | Gd| Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm| Yb | Lu
90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100 | 101 | 102 | 103
Ac | Th| Pa! U |Np Pu Am|Cm| Bk} Cf | Es |Fm|Md/No| Lr
Figure 3.1. Periodic table of chemical elements.
In the periodic table, the chemical elements are represented by one-
or two-letter abbreviations (or three letters for some of the heavy ele-
ments that have not yet received permanent names): H for hydrogen,
He for helium, Li for lithium, C for carbon, N for nitrogen, O for oxy-
gen, Na for sodium, Mg for magnesium, P for phosphorus, S for sulfur,
Cl for chlorine, K for potassium, Ca for calcium, Fe for iron, U for
uranium, Bk for berkelium, and so forth. The identity of an element
is determined by the number of protons (a type of positively charged
subatomic particle) within its nucleus; this number is indicated on
the periodic table along with the element’s abbreviated name.
What are the chemical elements that make up living matter? Life
on Earth is based on carbon, meaning that carbon is the primary
structural atom for building the large molecules making up living
organisms. However, carbon is not the most numerous atom in living
organisms, because most living things are composed primarily of