51 For imperialflock statistics, see MWLF, QL 4 / 10 / 6 [ 03 - 0171 - 0362 - 012 ].
52 Representative documents include MWLF, QL 19 / 9 / 6 [ 03 - 0172 - 0687 - 002 ]and
QL 28 / 7 / 9 [ 03 - 0180 - 2038 - 021 ]. One of the heroes of the 1732 battle of Erdene
Juu, Tseren, was awarded two thousand head of horses, one thousand head of
cattle, andfive thousand sheep from state herds to replace the losses he had
suffered from Zunghar depredations while on campaign for the Qing;Pingding
Zhun-ge-er fanglue, 1 : 534 – 35.
53 MWLF, YZ 12 / 4 /20 12/ 4 / 20 [ 03 - 173 - 1039 - 003 ]. See also the brief entry on
the operation inQSL,YZ 12 / 4 / 29 , 8 : 791 b. Such detailed Manchu archival
documents refute assertions that the Qing state, for various reasons, could
not extend effective aid for steppe disaster relief; Yu Zhiyong, Neimenggu
xibu diqu de huangzheng,” 36 ; Oka,“Shindai shiryōni mieru Mongoru no
saigai,” 47 – 48.
54 MWLF, QL 14 / 9 / 12 [ 03 - 0171 - 0373 - 009 ]; 17 / 3 / 24 [ 03 - 0171 - 0378 - 003 ].
55 Cited in Oka,“Shindai shiryōni mieru Mongoru no saigai,” 60.
56 Will,Bureaucracy and Famine,p. 27 ; Marks,“It Never Used to Snow,” 435 ;
MWLF, QL 17 / 3 / 24 [ 03 - 0171 - 0378 - 003 ]; Dunstan,“Heirs of Yu,” 521 – 22.
The necessity of, in some cases, annual disbursement of substantial percent-
ages of grain stocks simply to prevent spoilage may have regularly depleted
stocks in normal times; R. Bin Wong,“Foundations of Success, 1650 – 1735 ,”
33 – 34. A closely spaced series of disasters was probably the biggest check on a
relief strategy depending on ever-normal granaries; Dunstan, “Heirs of
Yu,” 527.
57 A similar erosion is also visible in the“blurring”of Mongol into Han law,
which“does not seem to have been intentional,”toward the end of the
eighteenth century; Heuschert,“Legal Pluralism,” 317.
58 MWLF, QL 28 / 7 / 9 [ 03 - 0180 - 2038 - 021 ].
59 Da Qing huidian(YZ), 788 : 14893 ;Da Qing huidian(GX), 668 b, 857 b.
Allowances varied across species and herds, 10 percent mortality permissible
among theTaipusigelding herds, 5 percent among the three-banner horse and
camel herds, 13 percent among theQifengsi’s cattle herds, and 10 percent
among itsflocks. These variations may have been concessions to livestock
diversity within shifting ecological conditions of the pastures.
60 MWLF, QL 15 / 7 / 4 [ 03 - 0171 - 0374 - 009 ], QL 20 / 4 / 18 [ 03 - 0172 - 0688 - 001 ].
61 MWLF, QL 9 / 8 / 3 [ 03 - 0171 - 0367 - 006 ]; QL 15 / 7 / 4 [ 03 - 0171 - 0374 - 008 ].
62 MWLF, QL 9 / 8 / 3 [ 03 - 0171 - 0367 - 006 ]. According toDa Qing huidian shili
(JQ) the appointment of personnel from the capital was technically suspended
by a 1723 edict, but the QL 9 / 8 / 3 document clearly shows in greater detail that
the practice continued into the 1740 s; 694 : 3750 - 51.
63 Taipusi“herding officials and troops,”who were posted as pasture guards,
“are all Chakhar,”a reference that may include the lowest level herders
themselves;Da Qing huidian(GX), 668 b. For Chakhar herder deployment
at the Three Upper Banner pastures, Shangdu/Dabsun Nuur and Dariganga,
see MWLF, QL 11 / 8 / 11 [ 03 - 0172 - 0678 - 002 ], YZ 12 / 5 / 27 [ 03 - 0171 - 0356 -
005 ] andKoubei Santing zhi, 104 b, respectively.
64 MWLF YZ 10 / 5 / 16 [ 03 - 0173 - 1031 - 001 ], 10 / 7 / 1 [ 03 - 0173 - 1028 - 010 ], 10 / 7 / 1
[ 03 - 0173 - 1028 - 011 ].
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