65 QSL,QL 6 / 7 / 24 , 10 : 1117 b- 18 a. In this entry “inner”is “neidi” and
“outer”“waidi.” The emperor’s statement is one indication that the
Khalkha outerjasagwere effectively less subject to Qing command than
the innerjasag, who were geographically much closer central administrative
centers. Proximity may explain differences in the effectiveness of Qing relief
regimes for both areas. Inner and outer regimes are outlined in Joseph
Fletcher,“Ch’ing Inner Asiac. 1800 ,” 48 – 58. For an overview of the Qing
pastoral order among the Khalkha, see Sh. Natsagdorj,“The Economic
Basis of Feudalism,” 265 – 81.
66 Jiang Yongjiang,“Lun Qingdai monan Menggu diqu,” 33 – 35.
67 Walker,The Conquest of Ainu Lands, 85 – 87.
68 MWLF, YZ 10 / 10 / 12 [ 03 - 0173 - 1031 - 005 ].
69 Perdue,China Marches West, 254 – 55.
70 MWLF, YZ 10 / 12 /? [ 03 - 211 - 4595 - 003 ]. The document is damaged, so full
details are lacking.
71 MWLF, QL 5 / 1 / 25 [ 03 - 173 - 1056 - 003 ]; Zhang Mu, Menggu youmu ji,
379 – 82. These Torghuts were one of a small number of groups that remained
behind in Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Gansu when most of theiraimagmigrated to
Russia around 1630 , then famously returned to Qing territory in 1771 ; Zhang
Mu,Menggu youmu ji, 377 – 78 ; Ma Ruheng and Ma Dazheng,Piaolue yiyu
de minzu, 44 ; He Qiutao,Shuofang beisheng, 16 : 642 b.
72 MWLF, QL 4 / 6 / 16 [ 03 - 173 - 1054 - 003 ]. For livestock prices, see YZ 12 / 8 / 26
[ 03 - 0173 - 1039 - 005 ].
73 The Zunghars were certainly aware of the importance of diversifying their
environmental relations on the steppe, especially in terms of the promotion of
agriculture; Cai Jiayi, Zhun-ge-er de nongye,” 53 – 68.
74 MWLF, QL 1 / 1 / 4 [ 03 - 171 - 0359 - 001. 1 ]. Milk consumption is ideal for dry
steppe conditions since the metabolization of such fat-rich foods produces
water; Rinchingiin,“Mongolian Dairy Products,” 84.
75 MWLF, QL 1 / 1 / 4 [ 03 – 171 – 0359 – 001. 1 ]. Similar practices of weaning and
preservation continue today, as doesthe frequent milking of mares, whose
small udders continue to produce more milk than is often required by
foalsintheirlaterstagesofdevelopment; Rinchingiin,“Mongolian Dairy
Products,” 71 , 74. The precise nature ofkūruis unclear, but it may be
agarts, sour milk curds, oraragoul, a fermentedagartsby-product;ibid.,
82 – 83.
76 MWLF, QL 12 / 1 / 22 [ 03 - 0173 - 1082 - 001 ], QL 12 / 2 / 6 [ 03 - 0173 - 1082 - 002 ].
77 MWLF, YZ 10 / 10 / 19 [ 03 - 171 - 0294 - 004 ].
78 MWLF, QL 1 / 1 / 4 [ 03 - 171 - 0359 - 001. 1 ].
79 Da Qing huidian(YZ), 789 : 15 , 327 ; MWLF, YZ 9 / 8 / 8 [ 03 - 171 - 0352 - 003 ].
These proportions certainly did not remain invariably constant everywhere at
all times. A disproportionate expansion of both types of herds at Shangdu/
Dabsun Nuur in 1738 resulted in 174 mare and thirty gelding herds with a
population ratio of 3. 4 : 1 (assuming the same stud proportion as in theTaipusi
herds), for example, but this was unusually low for the period; MWLF, QL 3 /
4 / 11 [ 03 - 171 - 0361 - 003 ].
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