117 MWLF, QL 7 / 12 / 8 [ 03 - 0172 - 0909 - 004 ], 8 / 1 / 8 [ 03 - 0172 - 0910 - 001 ]. Sun’s
“original”memorial can be found in Sun Jiagan,Sun Wending Gong zoushu,
1 : 383 – 87. See alsonote 125.
118 Kangxichao Manwen zhupi,# 2784 , 1101 – 03. Forests similarly functioned
as reserve food sources for agrarian societies in times of crisis; Marks,China:
Its Environment and History, 253 – 54.
119 MWLF, YZ 12 / 11 / 3 [ 03 - 0172 - 0902 - 006 ], 12 / 12 / 11 [ 03 - 0172 - 0902 - 006 ],
13 / 6 / 24 [ 03 - 0172 - 0754 - 005 ], 13 / 7 /?[ 03 - 0172 - 0754 - 006 ].
120 Kangxichao Manwen zhupi,# 2960 , 1173 ;QSLKX 38 / 4 / 19 , 5 : 1043 a–b.
The 1699 deliberations refute assertions that the early Qing“strictly
prohibited tree-cutting and especially prohibited commoners from China
proper from logging.”This view misinterprets a terse Chinese version of
1717 deliberations, which are more fully extant in Manchu; Yi-du-he-xi-
ge, Menggu minzu tongshi, disi juan; 4 : 272 ; Qianlongchao neifu
chaoben, 65.
121 MWLF, YZ 11 / 12 / 7 [ 03 - 0172 - 0469 - 002 ], QL 26 / 3 / 7 [ 03 - 0179 - 1868 - 015 ];
Qianlongchao shangyu dang, 3 : 523 b, 544 b. For a study of Muna forestry in
the succeeding Qianlong period, see Huang Zhiguo,“Congfengjin dao
kaijin,” 90 – 94.
122 Schwennesen,“Using Salt for Livestock,” 43 ; Launchbaugh and Howery,
“Understanding Landscape Use Patterns of Livestock,” 105.
123 See, for example, Tao-Chang Chiang,“The Salt Trade,” 197 – 219 ; Kwan
Man Bun,The Salt Merchants of Tianjin, 29 – 49.
124 Sun Jiagan, Sun Wending Gong zoushu, 1 : 217 – 21 , 319 – 26 , 367 – 71 ;
MWLF, QL 7 / 5 / 8 [ 03 - 0172 - 0711 - 001 ]. Sun’s third memorial cited here is
summarized inQSL,QL 5 / 11 / 29 , 10 : 916 aaswellasintheQL 7 / 5 / 8 Manchu
document.
125 QSL QL 6 / 3 / 24 , 10 : 1005 a; Sun Jiagan Sun Wending Gong zoushu,
1 : 383 – 87.
126 MWLF, QL 7 / 5 / 8 [ 03 - 0172 - 0711 - 001 ], 10 / 10 / 18 [ 03 - 0172 - 0712 - 001 ], 10 /
11 / 4 [ 03 - 0172 - 0711 - 002 ], 11 /i.c. 3 / 1 [ 03 - 0172 - 0913 - 001 ].
127 MWLF, QL 7 / 5 / 8 [ 03 - 0172 - 0711 - 001 ], 7 / 5 / 21 [ 03 - 0172 - 0711 - 002 ].
128 MWLF, QL 10 / 10 / 18 [ 03 - 0172 - 0712 - 001 ]; 10 / 11 / 4 [ 03 - 0172 - 0711 - 002 ],
11 /i.c. 3 / 1 [ 03 - 0172 - 0913 - 001 ];FAO,A Manual for the Primary Animal
Health Care Worker, 183. There seem to be some gaps in the documentary
record, but the issue clearly remained unresolved by 1745.
129 MWLF, QL 13 / 11 / 6 [ 03 - 0172 - 0713 - 001 ].
130 Yu Tongyuan and Wang Laigang,“Qingdai zhongyuan renkou bei yi,” 329.
131 MWLF, QL 14 / 7 / 7 [ 03 - 0175 - 1565 - 008 ].
132 MWLF, QL 20 / 1 / 24 [ 03 - 0172 - 0715 - 001 ];QL 21 / 6 / 23 [ 03 - 0176 - 1599 - 001 ].
133 MWLF, QL 21 / 6 / 23 [ 03 - 0176 - 1599 - 001 ], QL 21 / 7 / 22 [ 03 - 0176 - 1603 - 022 ],
QL 21 / 8 / 4 [ 03 - 0176 - 1604 - 030 ]. Timbering continues to adversely affect
pastoral practices in contemporary Mongolia; Erdenebaatar,“Socio-eco-
nomic Aspects,” 87.
134 Interethnic conflict over salt lakes was not unique to the Qing. For a similar
incident from the 1920 s, see Henry Serruys,“Five Documents,” 338 – 53.
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