56 Wang Lüjie,“Gaitu guiliu shuo,” 11 : 6 , 687 – 88 ;Yongzhengchao Hanwen
zhupi,YZ 10 / 1 / 28 , 21 : 771 a; YZ 9 / 8 / 1 , 20 : 984 a; YZ 4 / 8 / 6 , 7 : 852 a.
57 Gao Qizhuo,“Weiyuan fu Zhao banli kaiken shu,” 8 : 454.
58 Gao Qizhuo,“Chouzhuo Lukuishan shanhou shu,” 8 : 445.
59 Gao Qizhuo,“Chouzhuo Lukuishan shanhou shu,” 8 : 446 – 47.
60 See, for example, Zhang Wen,“Diyu pianjian yu zuqun zhishi,” 68 – 69.
Even Zhou Qiong’s outstanding work, which accepts the specialist consen-
sus on malaria, problematically asserts that science has only identified the
vectors, not all the diseases they carry; Zhou Qiong,Qingdai Yunnan
zhangqi, 24 – 25.
61 Riley,“Malaria and the Human Immune System”; Gutiérrez,“Blackwater
Fever,” 245. For a review of thezhangqiliterature in Chinese, see Zhou
Qiong,Qingdai Yunnan zhangqi, 5 – 28. The range of current scientific litera-
ture on malaria in a global context is well-represented inMalaria Journal.
62 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Lymphatic Filariasis
Fact Sheet.”
63 Yongchang fuzhi, 48 a; Tengyue tingzhi, 151 a,Yongzhengchao Hanwen
zhupi,YZ 5 / 3 / 12 , 9 : 237 a–b;Qingshigao, 34 : 10 , 231. Smith provides import-
ant context for Ortai’s 1727 statement;“Ch’ing Policy,” 139 – 43.
64 Fan Jiawei,“Liuchao shiqi renkou qianyi,” 34 ; Obringer,“A Song Innovation
in Pharmacotherapy,” 201 ;Da Qing huidian shili(GX), 9. 228 b– 30 a;Qingdai
dang’an shiliao xuanbian,QL 35 / 4 / 2 , 3 : 260 – 61.
65 Busvine,Disease Transmission by Insects,” 15 – 22 ; Yao et al.,“Studies on the
So-CalledChangch’i: Part I,” 737 ; Yao et al.,“Studies on the So-Called
Changch’i: Part II,” 1818 , 1828. For a bibliography of articles published
between 1936 and 1994 showing that historical terms likezhangqirefer
specifically to malaria, see Fan Jiawei,“Liuchao shiqi renkou qianyi,” 35 n.
Nüe remains a more controversial term; Fan Jiawei,“Han Tang shiqi nüebing
yu nüegui,” 2 – 4.
66 MWLF, QL 34 / 9 / 11 [ 03 - 183 - 2356 - 008 ].
67 National Institutes of Health,“Malaria,” 3 , 8 ;“Report SEAR/WPR Biregio-
nal Meeting on Control of Malaria,” 9 ; Newton and Warrell,“Neurological
Manifestations of Falciparum Malaria,” 695 – 97 ;“Malaria.”
68 Benedict,Bubonic Plague, 18 , 20 – 21. As Benedict notes,yiis not a precise
term in the modern medical sense and so cannot usually be unambiguously
identified as bubonic or pneumonic plague prior to the mid–nineteenth cen-
tury, but historical accounts of masses of rats and bodily swellings can help to
make a reasonably certain determination ( 8 ).
69 Garros et al.,“Minimus Complex,”Tropical Medicine and International
Health, 11. 1 (Jan. 2006 ): 102 , 109.
70 Garros et al.,“Minimus Complex,” 102 – 05 ; Donnelly et al.,“Malaria and
Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa,” 1 – 5 ; Watts,“British Development Pol-
icies and Malaria,” 141 – 81 ; Liu Meide et al.,“Analysis of the Relationship
between Density and Dominance ofAnopheles minimus,” 1009 ; Mitchell,
Rule of Experts, 2 – 23 ; Xu and Liu,“Border Malaria in Yunnan, China,”
456 – 59.
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