71 For a recent comparative study of cases in Yunnan and Hainan, see Lin et al.,
“Spatial and temporal distribution of falciparum malaria,” 1 – 9.
72 Yao et al.,“Studies on the So-CalledChangch’i: Part I,” 730 ;ibid.,“Studies
on the So-CalledChangch’i: Part II,” 1816 n, 1818.
73 Xu Jiagan,Miaojiang wenjian lu, 160 ; Zhang Hong,Diannan xin yu, 11 : 394 ,
395 ; MWLF, QL 34 / 9 / 11 [ 03 - 183 - 2356 - 008 ]; Gongzhong dang, falü dalei,
jinyan, DG 20 / 1 / 18.
74 Miyashita Saburō,“Malaria (yao) in Chinese Medicine 103 ;Qingshigao,
31 : 9402 ; Gong Shengsheng,“ 2000 nianlai Zhongguo zhangbing fenbu,” 312.
75 Curtin,“The Environment Beyond Europe,” 133 – 38.
76 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,“Human Factors and Malaria”;
Clegg and Weatherall, “Thalassemia and Malaria,” 278 – 80 ; Zeng and
Huang,“Disorders of Haemoglobin in China,” 579 – 81 ; Luo,“Medical Gen-
etics in China,” 254.
77 Livingstone,“Anthropological Implications of Sickle Cell Gene Distribution in
West Africa,” 553 – 55. Livingstone’s work made a central contribution to the
confirmation of the relationship between malaria and sickle-cell anemia, and
has also been viewed as a classic demonstration of the interdependency of
nature and culture.
78 Yao et al.,“Some Epidemiological Factors of Malaria in Mangshih,” 198 – 200 ;
Yongzhengchao Hanwen zhupi,YZ 4 / 3 / 20 , 7 : 15 a; Zhang Hong,Diannan xin
yu, 11 : 393. Yuanjiang was noted as a particularly virulent place for malaria for
thirty years spanning the Tongzhi and Guangxu reigns; Yao et al.,“Studies on the
So-CalledChangch’i:PartII,” 1816.
79 MWLF, QL 34 / 9 / 11 [ 03 - 183 - 2356 - 008 ]. The“Oirad,”or“Ūlet”in the
original Manchu text, are probably one or more Zunghar groups relocated
to Manchuria; Janhunen,Manchuria: An Ethnic History, 110 – 13.
80 MWLF, QL 35 / 1 / 5 [ 03 - 184 - 2394 - 023 ], 34 / 8 / 27 [ 03 - 183 - 2329 - 006 ]; 34 / 12 /
25 [ 03 - 184 - 2393 - 011 ]; Liu Kun,Nanzhong za shuo, 11 : 358 ;QSLQL 32 / 4 /
22 , 18 : 628 b– 29 a, QL 34 / 11 / 18 , 19 : 338 a–b, QL 34 / 12 /11 19: 362 a–b. Inner
Asian differential resistance can also be seen in the QL 34 / 12 / 25 report
distinguishing between three detachments of Solon-Ewenki and Orochun
soldiers’deaths from illness“within the passes”(furdan i dolo) and“beyond
the passes”(furdan i tule). These terms likely refer to Yunnan’s inner and
outer frontiers, respectively. If so, deaths from“illness”caused 99 percent of
all casualties suffered by troops of these detachments, and 89. 5 percent of
these deaths occurred in the outer frontier. Deaths from illness overall reduced
total manpower in these detachments by 62 percent, from 3 , 380 to 1 , 259.
While the“hunting Solon”detachment of this group lost 1 , 549 of its 2 , 008
men to illness beyond the passes and 120 within them, the group’s Orochun
unit of three hundred, which lost 50 percent of its strength to disease overall,
reported almost equal losses within and beyond the passes. Another report
later in the same month of January 1770 shows illness to have inflicted
mortalities of 35 percent among four detachments of“New Manchu Sibe,”
Oirad Mongol and regular Manchu troops, with 63 percent of the losses
incurred in the outer frontier; MWLF QL 35 / 1 / 5 [ 03 - 184 - 2394 - 023 ].
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