3 Pomeranz,“How Exhausted an Earth?” 7 , 9 ; Lee and Campbell,Fate and
Fortune, 28 – 31 , 44 ; Wang Yejian and Huang Yingjue,“Qingdai Zhongguo
qihou bianqian,” 3 – 18 ; Li Bozhong,“Shijiu shiji jiangnan de jingji xiaotiao”;
Zhang et al.,“Climate Change and War Frequency,” 403 – 14. Han population
increase was, also, not the sole cause of every arabalist success, which also
depended on Chinese“customary practices”; Isett,“Village Regulation of
Property.”
4 The mid–nineteenth century, particularly because of the monumentally cata-
strophic shift of the Yellow River between 1852 and 1855 , has been con-
sidered“the most critical period”of the ecological crisis faced by the“Huang-
Yun”region of western Shandong and neighboring parts of Zhili and Henan;
Pomeranz,The Making of a Hinterland, 128.
5 Calculations based on Liang Fangzhong,Zhongguo lidai hukou, tiandi, tianfu
tongji, 383.
6 Ingold,“Growing Plants and Raising Animals,” 22. For a discussion of
human relations with plants in the context of larger timescales in“big history”
as“co-evolutionary,”see Christian,“The Case for‘Big History’,” 231 – 34.
For a pertinent case study from eighteenth-century China, Lee and Campbell,
Fate and Fortune, 28 – 31.
7 See Pomeranz,The Great Divergence; Brenner and Isett,“England’s Diver-
gence from China’s Yangzi Delta,” 609 – 62 ; Lavely and Wong,“Revising the
Malthusian Narrative,” 714 – 48. Some larger contexts framing these debates
are provided by Rowe,“Social Stability and Social Change,” 474 - 80 ; Myers
and Wang,“Economic Developments,” 563 – 617 , 626 – 45. For a representa-
tive view from Chinese language scholarship, see Young-tsu Wong,“‘Tiandi
zhi dao’,” 87 – 114.
8 See, for example, Congbin Fu,“Potential Impacts of Human-Induced Land
Cover Change on East Asia Monsoon,”Global and Planetary Change 37
( 2003 ): 219 – 29.
9 Lavely and Wong,“Revising the Malthusian Narrative,” 739. More environ-
mentally informed considerations are already reframing old debates; Parker,
“Crisis and Catastrophe,” 1053 – 79. Parker’s revisions appropriately go well
beyond employing ecological analyses simply as hermeneutic tropes or meta-
phors, as advocated by J. B. Shank in response:“Crisis: A Useful Category of
Post-Social Scientific Historical Analysis,” 1090 – 99.
10 Qing Gaozong yuzhi shi, 5 : 344 a;Yongzhengchao Manwen zhupi,# 500 ,
1 : 272.
11 Da Qing huidian shili(GX), 8 : 802 a, 820 b– 21 a;QSL,JQ 7 / 8 / 24 , 29 : 372 b.
12 Elliott and Ning,“The Qing Hunt at Mulan,” 77 – 80 ; MWLF, JQ 13 / 3 / 26 [ 03 -
198 - 3739 - 010 ].
13 Han Guanghui and Zhao Yingmei,“Lun Qing chu yilai weichang diqu,”
288 – 90 ; Zhao Zhen,“Qingdai saiwai weichang de ziyuan guanli,” 149 – 54 ;
Yu Tongyuan and Wang Laigang,“Qingdai zhongyuan renkou bei yi,” 329 ;
Da Qing huidian shili(GX), 8 : 802 b, 821 a–b;Yongzhengchao Manwen zhupi,
2317 , 2 : 1293 – 94.
14 Elvin,“Three Thousand Years of Unsustainable Growth,” 13.
15 Liu Kun,Nanzhong za shuo, 8 : 355.