23 Cited in Young,Postcolonialism, 8.
24 Representative works are reviewed in Waley-Cohen,“The New Qing His-
tory,” 193 – 206. Contrasting views of Chinese and U.S. scholars on the
somewhat controversial subject can be found in Liu Fengyun and Liu Wen-
peng, eds.,Qingchao de guojia rentong. Liu’s introduction concludes that the
New Qing History remains a western theory about Chinese history that seems
difficult to domesticate ( 11 ). Indeed, some Chinese authors have rejected its
premises and claims entirely; Zhong Han,“Beimei‘Xin Qingshi’,” 156 – 213.
25 See, for example, Rawski,“Reenvisioning the Qing,” 829 – 50 , and Ho,“In
Defense of Sinicization,” 123 – 55. I am approaching Sinicization here in a
narrower sense than as“a bundle of assumptions regarding the reasons for
and manifestations of cultural change throughout a very broad expanse of
Asia”; Crossley,“Thinking about Ethnicity,” 2.
26 Winterhalder,“Concepts in Historical Ecology,” 33.
27 Rowe,“Water Control and the Qing Political Process,” 360 , 364 – 66 , 368 – 69.
28 Osborne,“The Local Politics of Land Reclamation,” 4 , 6 , 39.
29 Elvin,The Retreat of the Elephants, xxiii–xxiv.
30 Holling and Sanderson,“Dynamics of Disharmony,” 61 – 62 ; Botkin,Discord-
ant Harmonies, 5 – 13. For insights fromfire ecology, see Bond and Keeley,
“Fire as Global‘Herbivore,’” 387 – 94. For a study of Chinesefire manage-
ment, see Hayes,“Fire and Society in Modern China,” 23 – 35.
31 On nonequilibrium (also called disequilibrium) ecology, see Scoones,“New
Ecology and the Social Sciences,” 479 – 507 ; Rohde,Nonequilibrium Ecology.
On new ecology, see, Biersack,“Introduction,” 5 – 18 ; Worster,“Nature and
the Disorder of History,” 77.
32 Zhao Zhen,“Qingdai ShaanGan diqu de senlin,” 262 – 72.
33 Marks,Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt. For a more comprehensive analytical
bibliography of related works, see Bello,“Environmental Issues in Pre-
modern China.”
34 For overviews, see Bao,“Environmental History in China,” 475 – 99 ; Zhao
Zhen,“Zhongguo huanjing shi yanjiu,” 122 – 24 ; Zhu Shiguang,“Qingdai
shengtai huanjing,” 51 – 54. For a more comprehensive analytical bibliography
of related works, see Bello,“Environmental Issues in Pre-modern China.”
35 See, for example, Zou Yilin,“Lun Qing yidai dui jiangtu bantu guannian,”
183 – 96.
36 Qin Heping,“Yumi,” 274 – 87 ; Luo Kanglong,“Lun Ming Qing yilai tongyi
shuizhi de tuixing,” 288 – 301 ; Zhao Zhen,Qingdai xibu shengtai bianqian;
Xiao Ruiling et al.,Ming-Qing Nei Menggu xibu diqu kaifa; Liu Shiyong,
“Cong xuesi chong dao nüyuan chong,” 393 – 423.
37 Subsequent studies based on 1980 s data confirm that the basic population
ratios and trends that produced them have changed very little since Hu com-
piled data in 1933 ; Hu Huanyong,“Zhongguo renkou de fenbu,” 139 – 45.
38 Gosz,“Ecotone Hierarchies,” 369 ; Zhang Jiana et al., “Mapping the
Farming-Pastoral Ecotones in China,” 78 – 87. For a critique of the ecotone
concept, see Rhoades,“Archaeological Use and Abuse,” 608 – 14.
39 Owen Lattimore’s still influential work on China’s“Inner Asian frontiers”is
the most important expression of a steady-state condition separating China
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